Environmental variability at the margin of the South American Monsoon System recorded by a high-resolution sediment record from Lagoa Dourada (South Brazil)

High-resolution geochemical and sedimentological data were analyzed for a lacustrine sediment record from Lagoa Dourada (South Brazil). Four distinctly different depositional processes were determined: (1) Suspension fallout of fine-grained minerogenic particles transferred via fluvial activity dominates the Early Holocene and relates to open grassland in the catchment area; (2) Activation of the karst hydrological system with deposition of massive sand layers indicates increased precipitation at the onset of the Middle Holocene; (3) Minerogenic sediments are replaced by organic deposition due to wetter climatic conditions with the development of forests, which together fostered pedogenesis with the release of dissolved nutrients during the Middle to Late Holocene; (4) Human-induced land-use change caused destabilization of soils in the catchment area with resulting cultural soil erosion between AD 1800 and 1950. These depositional trends are linked to intensity variations of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS). Two century-long climatic events detected by high-resolution XRF scanning data confirm this relationship and probably provide signals of the 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Both events document increased rainfall with complex responses of the environmental system. Our SAMS-induced consequences of past hydroclimatic variability on the environment of South Brazil provide background information for better evaluating model projections of future climate change.

Early-Warning Signals for a Critical Transition in the Coupled Amazon Rainforest-South American Monsoon System

<p>The Amazon rainforest is widely recognised as a potential tipping element in the Earth's climate system. While several studies suggest a sudden dieback of the rainforest ecosystem after partial deforestation [e.g., 1, 2], there is still a lack of understanding where to search for early-warning signals that might precede such a dieback. In this work we employ a non-linear model of the moisture transport across the Amazon Basin to propose several statistical and physical early warning signals for a critical transition in the coupled dynamics of the Amazon rainforest and the atmospheric circulation of the South American monsoon. </p><p>Widespread deforestation and its effects on evapotranspiration and radiation have been shown to potentially trigger a collapse of the positive feedback related to latent heat release over the rainforest [3], resulting in substantially reduced rainfall amounts. The model includes a nonlinear contribution representing the acceleration of low-level moisture flow caused by condensational latent heating.  </p><p>Guided by our modelling results, we associate characteristic changes in the hydrological cycle as well as statistical indicators in observed data with deforestation-induced circulation changes that are consistent with the identified early-warning signals. Our findings indicate that in response to deforestation, the coupled atmosphere-vegetation system is destabilising and that further deforestation could trigger a transition of the Amazon rainforest to a savanna state. </p><p>[1] Nobre, C. A., & Borma, L. D. S. (2009). “Tipping points” for the Amazon forest. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.003</p><p>[2] Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., Van Nes, E. H., & Scheffer, M. (2011). Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions. Science, 334(6053), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210657</p><p>[3] Boers, N., Marwan, N., Barbosa, H. M. J., & Kurths, J. (2017). A deforestation-induced tipping point for the South American monsoon system. Scientific Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41489</p>

Medieval Climate Variability in the eastern Amazon-Cerrado regions and its archeological implications

The South American Monsoon System is responsible for the majority of precipitation in the continent, especially over the Amazon and the tropical savannah, known as ‘Cerrado’. Compared to the extensively studied subtropical and temperate regions the effect of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) on the precipitation over the tropics is still poorly understood. Here, we present a multiproxy paleoprecipitation reconstruction showing a consistent change in the hydrologic regime during the MCA in the eastern Amazon and ‘Cerrado’, characterized by a substantial transition from humid to drier conditions during the Early (925-1150 C.E.) to Late-MCA (1150-1350 C.E.). We compare the timing of major changes in the monsoon precipitation with the expansion and abandonment of settlements reported in the archeological record. Our results show that important cultural successions in the pre-Columbian Central Amazon, the transition from Paredão to Guarita phase, are in agreement with major changes in the hydrologic regime. Phases of expansion and, subsequent abandonment, of large settlements from Paredão during the Early to Late-MCA are coherent with a reduction in water supply. In this context we argue that the sustained drier conditions during the latter period may have triggered territorial disputes with Guarita leading to the Paredão demise.

Late Quaternary Variations in the South American Monsoon System as Inferred by Speleothems—New Perspectives using the SISAL Database

Here we present an overview of speleothem δ18O records from South America, most of which are available in the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL_v1) database. South American tropical and subtropical speleothem δ18O time series are primarily interpreted to reflect changes in precipitation amount, the amount effect, and consequently history of convection intensity variability of convergence zones such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South America Monsoon System (SAMS). We investigate past hydroclimate scenarios in South America related to the South American Monsoon System in three different time periods: Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and the last two millennia. Precession driven summertime insolation is the main driver of convective variability over the continent during the last 120 kyrs (from present day to 120 kyrs BP), including the Holocene. However, there is a dipole between speleothem δ18O records from western and eastern South America. Records located in the central region of Brazil are weakly affected by insolation-driven variability, and instead are more susceptible to the variability associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Cold episodic events in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Heinrich and Bond Events, and the Little Ice Age, increase the convective activity of the SAMS, resulting in increased precipitation amount in South America.

Late Quaternary Variations in the South American Monsoon System as Inferred by Speleothems – New Perspectives Using the SISAL Database

Here we present an overview of speleothem δ18O records from South America, which mostly are available in the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL_v1) database. South American tropical and subtropical δ18O time series are primarily interpreted as being driven by the amount effect and, consequently show the past history of the convection intensity of convergence zones such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the South America Monsoon System. We investigate past hydroclimate scenarios in South America related to the South American Monsoon System in three different time scales: Late Pleistocene, Holocene and the last two millennia. The precession driven insolation is the main driver of convective variability over the continent during the last 250 kyrs, including the Holocene period. However a dipole is observed between the west and east portions of the continent. Records located in the central region of Brazil appear to be weakly affected by insolation driven variability and more susceptible to the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Cold episodic events in Northern Hemisphere increase the activity of the South American Monsoon System on all time scales, in turn increasing rainfall amounts in South America, as was documented during Heinrich events in the late Pleistocene and Bond events in the Holocene, as well as during the Little Ice Age.