Estimation of critical gaps and follow-up times at median uncontrolled T-intersection

The efficiency of the entire transportation system depends on the capacity of the individual elements that make up the given network. Point-type elements of the road and street network include intersections of different types. Critical gaps and follow-up times related to individual movements are important determinants of the capacity of such objects. There are many ways to estimate such times. The article discusses the assumptions and scheme one of them - the Siegloch method. The objective of the article is to analyze the process of determining critical gaps and follow-up times at the median uncontrolled T-intersections that are rare in the road and street network and have been studied to a limited extent. The commonly used HCM, HBS, and Polish (MOP SBS) methods in their current form do not consider the speci-ficity of such intersections and thus may not give reliable results. Due to their characteristics in terms of geometry conditions, there is a need for an individual approach to estimate both critical gaps and follow-up times. The article contains the results of empirical research conducted on a selected real object in the Upper Silesian agglomeration in Poland. The intersection under study is located in one of the central districts of Katowice city, in the built-up area serving commercial and service functions. The analysis of the behavior of individual drivers waiting for the possibility to continue driving was conducted separately for each minor traffic movement. The values of critical gaps and follow-up times were determined for all four subordinate movements. The values obtained are different from those contained in the Polish manual, which is recommended for use. The research should be considered as pilot studies that justify the need to develop a separate approach to the estimation of the critical gaps and follow-up times at median uncontrolled T-intersections.

Influence Mechanism of Production-Living-Ecological Space Changes in the Urbanization Process of Guangdong Province, China

Referencing the land use classification system of the “production-living-ecological” space and using 1 km × 1 km grids, this study examines the spatial pattern changes of “production-living-ecological” space in Guangdong Province, China, from 1990 to 2017. In the study, a multiple linear regression analysis model was constructed to explore the influencing factors and attribution mechanism of the changes. The results showed that between 1990 and 2017, the production spaces were mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta and other coastal areas, showing a slight expansion trend (1). The expansion of production spaces mainly gathered in the Pearl River Delta, while the reduction was characterized by point-type dispersed. Living spaces were mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta, the Shantou–Shanwei–Chaozhou–Jieyang urban agglomeration, the Zhanjiang-Maoming–Yangjiang urban agglomeration, and other rapidly growing urbanized areas. They showed a spatial pattern of “large scale agglomeration and small scale dispersion” with a trend towards expansion. Living spaces in urban agglomerations such as the Pearl River Delta showed a large-scale expansion from the core to the peripheral area, while expansion in other areas was small-scale and point-type. The reduction of living spaces was point-type dispersed. The ecological spaces were mainly distributed in mountainous and hilly areas in eastern, western, and northern Guangdong and showed a “regional agglomeration and partially fragmented” spatial pattern. Ecological spaces in urban agglomerations showed large-scale and regional reductions, while reductions in other areas were small-scale and point-type. Ecological space expansions were point-type dispersed. Human, natural, and especially land-use type factors drove the changes of Guangdong’s production-living-ecological spaces (2). The changes of the production-living-ecological space pattern resulted from the interaction between human society, nature, and politics (3).

The Features of Electronic Conduction in InAs

The electrical properties of n-type crystals of InAs compound, grown from stoichiometric melt by the horizontal zone melting method, have been investigated in the temperature range of 4.2 K-300 K before and after fast neutron irradiation up to high integral fluences of 2×1018n∙cm-2. At a fixed temperature electrons concentration (n) increases almost by one order during irradiation, and practically does not change with increasing of temperature. n increases only slightly by increasing of temperature near 300 K, both before and after irradiation. When ≥ 4×1018cm-3 the change of during irradiation is negligible. Comparison of experimental data of mobility with theory shows that the privileged scattering mechanism of electrons at 300 K is scattering on optical phonons in InAs with 1016-1017 cm-3 and scattering on ions of impurity in InAs with n~1018-1019 cm-3. The analysis shows that during irradiation point type scattering centers of donor-type structural defects with shallow levels in the forbidden zone appear. Consequently, the mobility decreases during irradiation. At 300 K in sample with electrons concentration of 3×1016 cm-3 the mobility decreases by 5 times after irradiation, which is equivalent to the formation of 1.5×1019cm-3 charged point scattering centers.

Linking Tissue Damage to Hyperspectral Reflectance for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Apple Fruit in Orchards

Reflected light carries ample information about the biochemical composition, tissue architecture, and physiological condition of plants. Recent technical progress has paved the way for affordable imaging hyperspectrometers (IH) providing spatially resolved spectral information on plants on different levels, from individual plant organs to communities. The extraction of sensible information from hyperspectral images is difficult due to inherent complexity of plant tissue and canopy optics, especially when recorded under ambient sunlight. We report on the changes in hyperspectral reflectance accompanying the accumulation of anthocyanins in healthy apple (cultivars Ligol, Gala, Golden Delicious) fruits as well as in fruits affected by pigment breakdown during sunscald development and phytopathogen attacks. The measurements made outdoors with a snapshot IH were compared with traditional “point-type” reflectance measured with a spectrophotometer under controlled illumination conditions. The spectra captured by the IH were suitable for processing using the approaches previously developed for “point-type” apple fruit and leaf reflectance spectra. The validity of this approach was tested by constructing a novel index mBRI (modified browning reflectance index) for detection of tissue damages on the background of the anthocyanin absorption. The index was suggested in the form of mBRI = (R640−1 + R800−1) − R678−1. Difficulties of the interpretation of fruit hyperspectral reflectance images recorded in situ are discussed with possible implications for plant physiology and precision horticulture practices.

A saddle point type solution for a system of operator equations

Let Ω⊂Rn n>1 and let p,q≥2. We consider the system of nonlinear Dirichlet problems equation* brace(Au)(x)=Nu′(x,u(x),v(x)),x∈Ω,r-(Bv)(x)=Nv′(x,u(x),v(x)),x∈Ω,ru(x)=0,x∈∂Ω,rv(x)=0,x∈∂Ω,endequation* where N:R×R→R is C1 and is partially convex-concave and A:W01,p(Ω)→(W01,p(Ω))* B:W01,p(Ω)→(W01,p(Ω))* are monotone and potential operators. The solvability of this system is reached via the Ky–Fan minimax theorem.

CONTINUING PHANTOM INFLUX OF ENGLISH LEXIS VIA LOCALIZATION: AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY LOCALIZED IN SERBIAN

The paper analyzes the English computer terminology localized into Serbian between 2010 to 2020 both from the purely lexical stand-point (type and status of borrowings, as per Prćić (2005)), and from the viewpoint of pragmatic borrowings (Andersen 2014), but in a narrower set of pragmatic borrowings limited to written modes of communication: direct and indirect borrowing of interjections, discourse markers, expletives, vocatives, and paralinguistic phenomena. The chosen period saw a rapid expansion of instant communication applications with rich sets of emoticons, proliferation of cloud services and replace- ment of traditional software with software as a service. The research aims to shed light on how much the new lexis from computer-mediated forms of communication, as well as pragmatic notions stemming from the emerging trend of IT companies crafting their content to adhere to strict stylistic and audience accommodation guidelines, have been taken over into Serbian. Preliminary findings indicate that there is a huge number of both lexical and pragmatic borrowings, including interjections and paralinguistic phenomena such as names of emoticons and short codes used to insert emoticons. This influx of new, raw and, due to style guides, conditionally justified English borrowings provides a new form of evidence of English having become a nativized foreign language (Prćić 2014) of online communication, which, as a knock-on effect, leads translators and localization teams to consider raw and normally unjustified borrowings as acceptable and appropriate for the target audience that consists of more and more digital natives. The research applies a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods by means of annotating the 2020 version of Microsoft English-Serbian Bilingual Terminology Database.

A Multiresolution Vector Data Compression Algorithm Based on Space Division

Vector data compression can significantly improve efficiency of geospatial data management, visualization and data transmission over internet. Existing compression methods are either based on information theory for lossless compression mainly or based on map generalization methods for lossy compression. Coordinate values of vector spatial data are mostly represented using floating-point type in which data redundancy is small and compression ratio using lossy algorithms is generally better than that of lossless compression algorithms. The purpose of paper is to implement a new algorithm for efficient compression of vector data. The algorithm, named space division based compression (SDC), employs the basic idea of linear Morton and Geohash encoding to convert floating-point type values to strings of binary chain with flexible accuracy level. Morton encoding performs multiresolution regular spatial division to geographic space. Each level of regular grid splits space horizontally and vertically. Row and column numbers in binary forms are bit interleaved to generate one integer representing the location of each grid cell. The integer values of adjacent grid cells are proximal to each other on one dimension. The algorithm can set the number of divisions according to accuracy requirements. Higher accuracy can be achieved with more levels of divisions. In this way, multiresolution vector data compression can be achieved accordingly. The compression efficiency is further improved by grid filtering and binary offset for linear and point geometries. The vector spatial data compression takes visual lossless distance on screen display as accuracy requirement. Experiments and comparisons with available algorithms show that this algorithm produces a higher data rate saving and is more adaptable to different application scenarios.

Elimination of flow rate restriction for system of storm water sewage with the help of drag-reducing polymers

The flow-rate restriction for storm sewage network is substantiated. Possible causes of flooding of territories by storm water in the case of emergency and methods of storm waters management are considered. The article is devoted to an increase in throughput of storm sewage networks with the help of in-line storm water detention tank installed at the beginning of storm sewage network and dragreducing polymers (DRP). It is proposed to introduce DRPs in the form of solution directly into the sewage network through a storm-water inlet or through a sewer manhole. The introduction is conducted from a tank (cistern) in which there is a device for preparing an aqueous solution from the raw materials of DRP. For a square (in horizontal plane) catchment, in the case of point-type water drainage, the numerical simulation of the work of a system of storm water sewage with the help of DRP has been carried out.