Symposium on the evaluation of the safety of food additives and chemical residues: II. The role of the laboratory animal study of intermediate duration for evaluation of safety

Sugar is one of the most widely consumed sweetening agents. Unfortunately, its use has been linked to various disease states, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and dental caries. Dental caries is a chronic disease which can affect us at any age. The role of sugar (and other fermentable carbohydrates such as highly refined flour) as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of dental caries is increasing day by day. Sugar substitutes are food additives that provide a sweet taste more or less similar to that of sugar and plays important role in control of dental caries.

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Role of the Vagus Nerve in Fasted and Postprandial Gastic Motor Patterns in the House Musk Shrew ( Suncus Murinus ), a Small Laboratory Animal

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(11)63597-x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (5) ◽

pp. S-866

Author(s):

Yuki Miyano ◽

Zuoyun Xie ◽

Anupom Mondal ◽

Kazuya Nishina ◽

Sen-ichi Oda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vagus Nerve ◽

Laboratory Animal ◽

Small Laboratory Animal ◽

Small Laboratory ◽

Suncus Murinus ◽

Motor Patterns ◽

Musk Shrew

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Utility of generational developmental and reproductive toxicity and juvenile animal study protocols for the infant safety assessment of food contact materials

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847318806043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 239784731880604

Author(s):

April Neal-Kluever ◽

Queenster Nartey ◽

Jason Aungst ◽

Federica Basso ◽

Karen Davis-Bruno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Study ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Food Additives ◽

Chemical Exposure ◽

Contact Materials ◽

Food Contact Materials ◽

Food Contact ◽

Juvenile Animal ◽

Study Protocols ◽

Infant Safety

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Division of Food Contact Notifications (DFCN) performs infant lifestage-specific exposure and safety assessments during the premarket review of FCNs proposed for use with infant formula or human milk. DFCN previously identified two protocols that may be best suited to support infant safety: the multigenerational developmental and reproductive toxicology (Gen-DART) protocol and the juvenile animal study (JAS) protocol. The Gen-DART protocol tests chemical exposure from prior to mating through one or two generations in rodents, while JAS protocols test a chemical during a specific developmental window. At FDA, Gen-DART studies are currently recommended to support the safety of food additives (FAs), including food contact substances, across lifestages (from conception through adulthood). JAS protocols are recommended in the nonclinical safety assessment of drugs seeking pediatric indications. To improve our recommendations regarding the use of either Gen-DART or JAS protocols for the infant safety assessment of food contact materials, we created a database of FDA-reviewed Gen-DART or JAS. Our database contains information from 41 Gen-DART studies (38 FAs) and 51 JAS (29 drugs). Both protocols can detect toxicity relevant to infant safety assessment, such as developmental toxicity in neurological, endocrine, reproductive, immunological, or skeletal systems. Selection of either protocol will depend on the amount of information available for the chemical under study. The Gen-DART protocol may be preferred when limited data on the mode of action or target organ of the chemical are available. However, if these data are available, a JAS may provide the best assessment of potential juvenile toxicity.

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Risk management options for endocrine disruptors in national and international programs

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1351/pac200375112549 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 75 (11-12) ◽

pp. 2549-2553

Author(s):

J. C. Lamb ◽

H. B. W. M. Koëter ◽

R. Becker ◽

A. Gies ◽

Les Davies ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Food Additives ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Screening Methods ◽

International Programs ◽

Management Options ◽

Industrialized Nations ◽

Endocrine Disrupting

This workshop was convened to address common issues and concerns associated with risk management of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The talks described the tools and policies for key Japanese, Australian, German, and U.S. regulatory agencies. The agencies participating in the workshop were responsible for the regulation of various substances including: chemicals, pesticides, environmental contamination, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. The panel also described the role of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in standardizing the tools and validation of testing and screening methods. The panel also included nongovernmental organizations presenting the views of the World Wildlife Fund, and the chemical industry from industrialized nations; each organization described its concerns and proposed approaches to risk management of EDCs. This summary highlights the most important areas of common points of view of government, industry, and environmentalists. We also try to identify issues upon which viewpoints diverge.

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Virtue Ethics and Laboratory Animal Research

ILAR Journal ◽

10.1093/ilar/ilaa015 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca L Walker

Keyword(s):

Virtue Ethics ◽

Animal Rights ◽

Laboratory Animal ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Animal Research ◽

Moral Significance ◽

Moral Framework ◽

Animal Research Ethics ◽

Human Animal

Abstract This article appeals to virtue ethics to help guide laboratory animal research by considering the role of character and flourishing in these practices. Philosophical approaches to animal research ethics have typically focused on animal rights or on the promotion of welfare for all affected, while animal research itself has been guided in its practice by the 3Rs (reduction, refinement, replacement). These different approaches have sometimes led to an impasse in debates over animal research where the philosophical approaches are focused on whether or when animal studies are justifiable, while the 3Rs assume a general justification for animal work but aim to reduce harm to sentient animals and increase their welfare in laboratory spaces. Missing in this exchange is a moral framework that neither assumes nor rejects the justifiability of animal research and focuses instead on the habits and structures of that work. I shall propose a place for virtue ethics in laboratory animal research by considering examples of relevant character traits, the moral significance of human-animal bonds, mentorship in the laboratory, and the importance of animals flourishing beyond mere welfare.

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