A spherical projection diode was used to determine the Richardson constants from a niobium spherical single crystal. Work function and AR values are reported for the [110], [111], [112], [113], [116], [001], and [310] crystallographic directions. Examination of the crystal surface revealed plateau-like surface structure, thermal etch pits, and whisker growth.
The thermionic emission constants of a rhenium spherical single crystal have been determined for the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] orientations. Examination of the crystal surface revealed plateau-like structure in the [0001], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] directions.
Simulations of light collection in long tapered CsI(Tl) scintillators using real crystal surface data and comparisons to measurement