Genetic safety evaluation of pesticides in different short-term tests

The chloroquine family of antimalarials has a long history of use, spanning many decades. Despite this extensive clinical experience, novel applications, including use in autoimmune disorders, infectious disease, and cancer, have only recently been identified. While short term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is safe at traditional therapeutic doses in patients without predisposing conditions, administration of higher doses and for longer durations are associated with toxicity, including retinotoxicity. Additional liabilities of these medications include pharmacokinetic profiles that require extended dosing to achieve therapeutic tissue concentrations. To improve chloroquine therapy, researchers have turned toward nanomedicine reformulation of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to increase exposure of target tissues relative to off-target tissues, thereby improving the therapeutic index. This review highlights these reformulation efforts to date, identifying issues in experimental designs leading to ambiguity regarding the nanoformulation improvements and lack of thorough pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation. Gaps in our current understanding of these formulations, as well as recommendations for future formulation efforts, are presented.

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Short-term safety evaluation of the offspring conceived by 7272 artificial insemination cycles with donor spermatozoon

Andrologia ◽

10.1111/and.12517 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (7) ◽

pp. 817-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Huang ◽

S. Song ◽

A. Liao

Keyword(s):

Artificial Insemination ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Short Term

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Preclinical safety evaluation of the ethanolic extract from guavira fruits (Campomanesia pubescens (D.C.) O. BERG) in experimental models of acute and short-term toxicity in rats

Food and Chemical Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.063 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 118 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas ◽

Ariany Carvalho dos Santos ◽

Roosevelt Isaias Carvalho Souza ◽

Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo ◽

Giseli Karenina Traesel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Safety Evaluation ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Short Term ◽

Preclinical Safety

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Safety evaluation of the venom from scorpion Rhopalurus junceus: Assessment of oral short term, subchronic toxicity and teratogenic effect

Toxicon ◽

10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 176 ◽

pp. 59-66

Author(s):

Alicia Lagarto ◽

Viviana Bueno ◽

María R. Pérez ◽

Caridad C. Rodríguez ◽

Irania Guevara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Safety Evaluation ◽

Teratogenic Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Subchronic Toxicity

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Does Photosensitivity Predict Photococarcinogenicity?

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1080/109158199225486 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Abigail Jacobs ◽

Javier Avalos ◽

Paul Brown ◽

Jonathan Wilkin

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Drug Evaluation ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Care Providers ◽

Simulated Sunlight ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Drug Products ◽

Exposed Skin

Assessment of short-term and long-term effects of light (pho—totesting) is part of the safety evaluation of drugs. Results are incorporated into drug package inserts to advise patients and health care providers about the use of drug products on sun—exposed skin. We undertook an exhaustive literature search and a search of archived studies at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in order to evaluate the potential of short—term photoassays to predict long—term effects of drugs used in sunlight (280–700 nm). The correlation between the findings from the photococarcinogenicity assays in mice that used exposure to simulated sunlight and those from photogenotoxicity and photosensitivity studies was examined. Results indicated that photosensitivity and photogenotoxicity assays did not necessarily predict effects in photococarcinogenicity studies in mice. Effects of drugs on skin that are not due to photoactivation of drug can be important factors in enhancement of UV—induced skin carcinogenesis.

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The Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Corneal Crosslinking Agent-Genipin

Ophthalmic Research ◽

10.1159/000499571 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 141-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wenjing Song ◽

Yun Tang ◽

Jing Qiao ◽

Haili Li ◽

Bei Rong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Short Term ◽

Corneal Crosslinking

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Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans

Food Additives & Contaminants ◽

10.1080/02652030500111129 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 270-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

J.-S. Wang ◽

H. Luo ◽

M. Billam ◽

Z. Wang ◽

H. Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Safety Evaluation ◽

Montmorillonite Clay ◽

Short Term

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Kontrowersje wokół długoterminowych badań Gillesa-Erica Séraliniego nad bezpieczeństwem zdrowotnym kukurydzy GMO

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae ◽

10.21697/seb.2014.12.3.02 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 33-54

Author(s):

Katarzyna Lisowska ◽

Alexander Cortez

Keyword(s):

Safety Evaluation ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Chemical Toxicology ◽

The Subject ◽

One Year

At the end of the year 2012, Food and Chemical Toxicology published a long-term study by Seralini et al., describing the safety evaluation of genetically modified NK603 maize and Roundup herbicide. Contrary to previous, short-term studies, this experiment revealed some negative effects of these substances on the health of experimental animals. GM feeds and Roundup generate revenue worth millions of dollars. This may be the reason why Seralini’s paper has became the subject of much heated criticism, mainly from parties linked to business and agro-biotechnology. After one year of debate, the editors of Food Chem Toxicol. decided to retract the paper, an unprecedented event given that the published article was peer-reviewed and there was no evidence of plagiarism or fraud. Here, we stress the results of Seralini’s study, discuss the methodological hints of that work and cite the commentaries on the whole situation.

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Short-term Safety Evaluation of Resident-performed Intravitreal Injection

Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society ◽

10.3341/jkos.2021.62.11.1509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 62 (11) ◽

pp. 1509-1517

Author(s):

Young Hwan Bae ◽

Ha Kyoung Kim ◽

So Hyun Bae ◽

Chang Ki Yoon ◽

Dae Joong Ma

Keyword(s):

Safety Evaluation ◽

Intravitreal Bevacizumab ◽

Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽

Intravitreal Injections ◽

Short Term ◽

Corneal Erosion ◽

Intraocular Pressure Elevation ◽

The Difference ◽

Resident Group ◽

Specialist Group

Purpose: This study evaluated the short-term safety of resident-performed intravitreal injections.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 503 patients (503 eyes) treated for the first time in our hospital from January 2018 to October 2020 via intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, or triamcinolone acetonide injections by residents or retina specialists. In terms of short-term ophthalmic complications, patients were followed-up 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after injection.Results: A total of 503 eyes of 503 patients were included. Intravitreal injections were given to 211 and 292 eyes by residents (the resident group) and retina specialists (the retina specialist group), respectively. There were no between-group differences in baseline characteristics except in terms of the indications for injection. Intraocular pressure elevation >5 mmHg occurred in two eyes (0.95%) in the resident group and five (1.71%) in the retina specialist group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Subconjunctival hemorrhage occurred in 29 eyes (13.74%) of the resident group and 32 eyes (10.96%) of the retina specialist group; again, the difference was not statistically significant. No case of noninfectious endophthalmitis occurred in the resident group but two (0.68%) cases occurred in the retina specialist group; again, the difference was not significant. There were two (0.95%) cases of infectious endophthalmitis in the resident group and one (0.34%) case in the retina specialist group; again, the difference was not significant. No corneal erosion, traumatic lens damage, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal tearing or detachment were noted in either group.Conclusions: Resident-performed intravitreal injections appear to be safe.

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