scholarly journals Nanomedicine Reformulation of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
David M. Stevens ◽  
Rachael M. Crist ◽  
Stephan T. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Extensive Clinical Experience ◽  
Higher Doses

The chloroquine family of antimalarials has a long history of use, spanning many decades. Despite this extensive clinical experience, novel applications, including use in autoimmune disorders, infectious disease, and cancer, have only recently been identified. While short term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is safe at traditional therapeutic doses in patients without predisposing conditions, administration of higher doses and for longer durations are associated with toxicity, including retinotoxicity. Additional liabilities of these medications include pharmacokinetic profiles that require extended dosing to achieve therapeutic tissue concentrations. To improve chloroquine therapy, researchers have turned toward nanomedicine reformulation of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to increase exposure of target tissues relative to off-target tissues, thereby improving the therapeutic index. This review highlights these reformulation efforts to date, identifying issues in experimental designs leading to ambiguity regarding the nanoformulation improvements and lack of thorough pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation. Gaps in our current understanding of these formulations, as well as recommendations for future formulation efforts, are presented.

Metal nanoantimicrobials for textile applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Carla Giannossa ◽  
Daniela Longano ◽  
Nicoletta Ditaranto ◽  
Maria Angela Nitti ◽  
Federica Paladini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Transition Metals ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Short Description ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Silver Copper ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications

AbstractResearch on the nanomaterials containing one or more transition metals is growing tremendously, thanks to the large number of preparation processes available and to the novel applications that can be envisaged in several fields. This review presents an overview of the selected studies in the field of antimicrobial textiles, employing bioactive nanophases of elements/compounds such as silver, copper, or zinc oxide. In addition, the history of use of these antimicrobials and their mechanism of action are shortly reported. Finally, a short description is provided of the deposition/preparation methods, which are being used in the authors’ labs for the development of the textiles modified by the novel nanoantimicrobials.

scholarly journals Recruiting Perovskites to Degrade Toxic Trinitrotoluene

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7387
Author(s):  
Yuri A. Mastrikov ◽  
Roman Tsyshevsky ◽  
Fenggong Wang ◽  
Maija M. Kuklja
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Explosive Material ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Universal Measure ◽  
Insight Into

Everybody knows TNT, the most widely used explosive material and a universal measure of the destructiveness of explosions. A long history of use and extensive manufacture of toxic TNT leads to the accumulation of these materials in soil and groundwater, which is a significant concern for environmental safety and sustainability. Reliable and cost-efficient technologies for removing or detoxifying TNT from the environment are lacking. Despite the extreme urgency, this remains an outstanding challenge that often goes unnoticed. We report here that highly controlled energy release from explosive molecules can be accomplished rather easily by preparing TNT–perovskite mixtures with a tailored perovskite surface morphology at ambient conditions. These results offer new insight into understanding the sensitivity of high explosives to detonation initiation and enable many novel applications, such as new concepts in harvesting and converting chemical energy, the design of new, improved energetics with tunable characteristics, the development of powerful fuels and miniaturized detonators, and new ways for eliminating toxins from land and water.

scholarly journals Jojoba Oil: An Updated Comprehensive Review on Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Uses, and Toxicity

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1711
Author(s):  
Heba A. Gad ◽  
Autumn Roberts ◽  
Samirah H. Hamzi ◽  
Haidy A. Gad ◽  
Ilham Touiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Jojoba Oil ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Liver Functions ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Pharmaceutical Uses ◽  
Obesity And Cancer

Jojoba is a widely used medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. Its seeds and oil have a long history of use in folklore to treat various ailments, such as skin and scalp disorders, superficial wounds, sore throat, obesity, and cancer; for improvement of liver functions, enhancement of immunity, and promotion of hair growth. Extensive studies on Jojoba oil showed a wide range of pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne and antipsoriasis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. In addition, Jojoba oil is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in cosmetics for topical, transdermal, and parenteral preparations. Jojoba oil also holds value in the industry as an anti-rodent, insecticides, lubricant, surfactant, and a source for the production of bioenergy. Jojoba oil is considered among the top-ranked oils due to its wax, which constitutes about 98% (mainly wax esters, few free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons). In addition, sterols and vitamins with few triglyceride esters, flavonoids, phenolic and cyanogenic compounds are also present. The present review represents an updated literature survey about the chemical composition of jojoba oil, its physical properties, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and toxicity.

scholarly journals The Botanical, Chemical and Ethnobotanical Diversity of Southern African Lamiaceae

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3712
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Rattray ◽  
Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Flora Of Southern Africa ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
History Of Use

The Lamiaceae is undoubtedly an important plant family, having a rich history of use that spans the globe with many species being used in folk medicine and modern industries alike. Their ability to produce aromatic volatile oils has made them valuable sources of materials in the cosmetic, culinary, and pharmaceutical industries. A thorough account of the taxonomic diversity, chemistry and ethnobotany is lacking for southern African Lamiaceae, which feature some of the region’s most notable medicinal and edible plant species. We provide a comprehensive insight into the Lamiaceae flora of southern Africa, comprising 297 species in 42 genera, 105 of which are endemic to the subcontinent. We further explore the medicinal and traditional uses, where all genera with documented uses are covered for the region. A broad review of the chemistry of southern African Lamiaceae is presented, noting that only 101 species (34%) have been investigated chemically (either their volatile oils or phytochemical characterization of secondary metabolites), thus presenting many and varied opportunities for further studies. The main aim of our study was therefore to present an up-to-date account of the botany, chemistry and traditional uses of the family in southern Africa, and to identify obvious knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Predictors for clinical effectiveness of baricitinib in rheumatoid arthritis patients in routine clinical practice: data from a Japanese multicenter registry

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobunori Takahashi ◽  
Shuji Asai ◽  
Tomonori Kobayakawa ◽  
Atsushi Kaneko ◽  
Tatsuo Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Oral Prednisone ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multicenter Registry

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the short-term effectiveness and safety profiles of baricitinib and explore factors associated with improved short-term effectiveness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical settings. A total of 113 consecutive RA patients who had been treated with baricitinib were registered in a Japanese multicenter registry and followed for at least 24 weeks. Mean age was 66.1 years, mean RA disease duration was 14.0 years, 71.1% had a history of use of biologics or JAK inhibitors (targeted DMARDs), and 48.3% and 40.0% were receiving concomitant methotrexate and oral prednisone, respectively. Mean DAS28-CRP significantly decreased from 3.55 at baseline to 2.32 at 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, 68.2% and 64.1% of patients achieved low disease activity (LDA) and moderate or good response, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that no previous targeted DMARD use and lower DAS28-CRP score at baseline were independently associated with achievement of LDA at 24 weeks. While the effectiveness of baricitinib was similar regardless of whether patients had a history of only one or multiple targeted DMARDs use, patients with previous use of non-TNF inhibitors or JAK inhibitors showed lower rates of improvement in DAS28-CRP. The overall retention rate for baricitinib was 86.5% at 24 weeks, as estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The discontinuation rate due to adverse events was 6.5% at 24 weeks. Baricitinib significantly improved RA disease activity in clinical practice. Baricitinib was significantly more effective when used as a first-line targeted DMARDs.

Osmotic and ionic effects of NaCl on germination, early seedling growth, and ion content of Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bajji ◽  
Jean-Marie Kinet ◽  
Stanley Lutts
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Atriplex Halimus ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Ionic Effects ◽  
Higher Doses

The effects of salt and osmotic stresses on the germination processes in seeds of the perennial halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. were compared using iso-osmotic concentrations of NaCl and mannitol. The lowest stress intensity delayed germination, while higher doses of NaCl and mannitol reduced final germination percentages. No significant difference occurred between the effects of these solutes on germination percentages or seedling dry weights. At an external osmotic potential of –0.7 MPa, however, the water content of mannitol-treated seedlings was reduced compared to that of seedlings that developed from NaCl-exposed seeds. The K, Mg, and Pi content decreased in seedlings that developed from mannitol-treated seeds while calcium concentration was strongly reduced in those arising from NaCl-treated seeds. Inhibited seeds were able to germinate at levels similar to those of the control after rinsing in deionized water and imbibition in control conditions. Seedlings produced from NaCl pre-treated seeds had a lower Ca and a higher Na content than control seedlings. The effect of salinity on the germination phase of development is mainly due to its osmotic component, and inhibition of germination is reversible. Both salt and osmotic stresses may have an impact on the mobilization of minerals from the seeds to the young seedling, but this effect does not have any consequence on growth processes analysed on a short-term basis.Key words: Atriplex halimus, halophyte, osmotic stress, recovery of seed germination, salinity.

scholarly journals Aquaculture Production of the Brown Seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Macrocystis pyrifera: Applications in Food and Pharmaceuticals

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Diane Purcell-Meyerink ◽  
Michael A. Packer ◽  
Thomas T. Wheeler ◽  
Maria Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Macrocystis Pyrifera ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Brown Seaweeds ◽  
Commercial Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

Seaweeds have a long history of use as food, as flavouring agents, and find use in traditional folk medicine. Seaweed products range from food, feed, and dietary supplements to pharmaceuticals, and from bioenergy intermediates to materials. At present, 98% of the seaweed required by the seaweed industry is provided by five genera and only ten species. The two brown kelp seaweeds Laminaria digitata, a native Irish species, and Macrocystis pyrifera, a native New Zealand species, are not included in these eleven species, although they have been used as dietary supplements and as animal and fish feed. The properties associated with the polysaccharides and proteins from these two species have resulted in increased interest in them, enabling their use as functional foods. Improvements and optimisations in aquaculture methods and bioproduct extractions are essential to realise the commercial potential of these seaweeds. Recent advances in optimising these processes are outlined in this review, as well as potential future applications of L. digitata and, to a greater extent, M. pyrifera which, to date, has been predominately only wild-harvested. These include bio-refinery processing to produce ingredients for nutricosmetics, functional foods, cosmeceuticals, and bioplastics. Areas that currently limit the commercial potential of these two species are highlighted.

scholarly journals Actinomyces meyeriEmpyema: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hae Won Jung ◽  
Chong Rae Cho ◽  
Ji Yoon Ryoo ◽  
Hyun Kyo Lee ◽  
So Young Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oral Amoxicillin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Lung Nodules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Radiological Studies

Actinomyces meyeriis an uncommon cause of human actinomycosis. Here, we report a rare case of empyema caused byA. meyeri. A 49-year-old male presented with a history of 10 days of dyspnea and chest pain. A large amount of loculated pleural effusion was present on the right side and multiple lung nodules were documented on radiological studies. A chest tube was inserted and purulent pleural fluid was drained.A. meyeriwas isolated in anaerobic cultures of the pleural fluid. The infection was alleviated in response to treatment with intravenous penicillin G (20 million IU daily) and oral amoxicillin (500 mg every 8 hours) for 4 months, demonstrating that short-term antibiotic treatment was effective.

The “Millstätter Predigten” (Millstatt Sermons), Petrus Berchorius, and Mechthild of Magdeburg

Daphnis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-84
Author(s):  
Sabine Seelbach
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Educational History ◽  
Mechthild Of Magdeburg ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This article presents the project “Virtual Benedictine library Millstatt” (www.virtbibmillstatt.com/), which is dedicated to the cultural memory and educational history of Carinthia in the broadest sense. It aims to reconstruct the hitherto little-known and little-researched corpus of manuscripts from the Benedictine Abbey of Millstatt, to identify its texts, and to shed light on their history of use. Against the background of the eventful history of ownership of the Millstatt library, the problems that arise when trying to reliably assign manuscripts scattered around the world to the Millstatt corpus are outlined. Examples will be used to show the extent to which external features (binding, signature system, accessories), but also text-internal indications, make the origin and ownership history of the manuscripts traceable. Spectacular new finds are presented, but also erroneous assumptions about the affiliation of certain texts to the reading canon of the Millstatt Benedictines are pointed out.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document