Phage lysins are a source of novel antimicrobials to tackle the bacterial antibiotic resistance crisis. The engineering of phage lysins is being explored as a game-changing technological strategy for introducing a more precise approach in the way we apply antimicrobial therapy. Such engineering efforts will benefit from a better understanding of lysin structure and function. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of the endolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage JG004, termed Pae87, has been characterized. This lysin had been previously identified as an antimicrobial agent candidate, able to interact with the Gram-negative surface and disrupt it. Further evidence is hereby provided on this matter, based on a structural and biochemical study. A high-resolution crystal structure of Pae87 complexed with a peptidoglycan fragment showed a separate substrate-binding region within the catalytic domain, 18 Å away from the catalytic site and located at the opposite side of the lysin molecule. This substrate binding region was conserved among phylogenetically related lysins lacking an additional cell wall binding domain, but not among those containing such a module. Two glutamic acids were identified as relevant for the peptidoglycan degradation activity, although Pae87 antimicrobial activity was seemingly unrelated to it. In contrast, an antimicrobial peptide-like region within Pae87 C-terminus, named P87, was found to be able to actively disturb the outer membrane and have antibacterial activity by itself. Therefore, we propose an antimicrobial mechanism for Pae87 in which the P87 peptide plays the role of binding to the outer membrane and disrupting the cell wall function, either with or without the participation of Pae87 catalytic activity.
Structural dynamics of lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases reveals a highly flexible substrate binding region
