Aiming at characterizing interfacial roughness of thin coatings with unknown sound velocity and thickness, we derive a full time-domain ultrasonic reflection coefficient phase spectrum (URCPS) as a function of interfacial roughness based on the phase screen approximation theory. The constructed URCPS is used to determine the velocity, thickness, and interfacial roughness of specimens through the cross-correlation algorithm. The effect of detection frequency on the roughness measurement is investigated through the finite element method. A series of simulations were implemented on Ni-coating specimens with a thickness of 400 μm and interfacial roughness of 1.9–39.8 μm. Simulation results indicated that the measurement errors of interfacial roughness were less than 10% when the roughness satisfies the relationship of Rq = 1.6–10.0%λ. The measured velocity and thicknesses were in good agreement with those imported in simulation models with less than 9.3% error. Ultrasonic experiments were carried out on two Ni-coating specimens through a flat transducer with an optimized frequency of 15 MHz. Compared with the velocities measured by time-of-flight (TOF) method, the relative errors of inversed velocities were all less than 10%. The inversed thicknesses were in good agreement with those observed by optical microscopy with less than 10.9% and 7.6% error. The averaged interfacial roughness determined by the ultrasonic inversion method was 16.9 μm and 30.7 μm, respectively. The relative errors were 5.1% and 2.0% between ultrasonic and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) method, respectively.
Compensation of Systematic Measurement Errors in a PMU-Based Monitoring System for Electric Distribution Grids
