Flowering and seed production of clones and their stimulation in seed orchards

The effects of stem injections of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) were studied in two experiments conducted in two different field-grown seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris L. Both experiments were carried out during years with favourable conditions for floral induction, i.e., higher temperatures and less precipitation than average years. In experiment 1, cone production and the number of filled seeds per graft increased significantly, the latter by about 60% compared with the control. Filled seeds per graft increased in experiment 2 as well, although the increase was not statistically significant. In both experiments, GA4/7 treatment significantly reduced the 1000-seed weight but did not significantly affect the number of filled and empty seeds per cone. In both experiments, grafts stimulated to increase seed production tended to produce smaller cones. In experiment 2, pollen production was significantly increased after stem injections of GA4/7. The increase above the control was about 90%. There was a tendency for stem injections of GA4/7, which were intended to increase seed production, to reduce pollen production. Clonal effects were significant for all variables tested in the study. No damage to the treated grafts were observed that could be attributed to the treatment. The use of stem injections of GA4/7 as an operational means in seed orchards of P. sylvestris is therefore recommended.

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DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1281065-6 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 128 (6) ◽

pp. 1065-1076 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Suzie E. Blatt ◽

John H. Borden

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Seed Production ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Threshold Levels ◽

Management Measures ◽

Leptoglossus Occidentalis

AbstractLeptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.

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Pollinators in seed orchards of Eucalyptus nitens (Myrtaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt03015 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 209 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. B. Hingston ◽

P. B. McQuillan ◽

B. M. Potts

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Common Species ◽

Eucalyptus Nitens ◽

Floral Structure ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

The World ◽

Commercially Important ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Insect Activity ◽

Effective Pollinators

Flowers of the commercially important tree Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden were visited by a diverse array of insects, but not by birds, in Tasmanian seed orchards. Most species of insects that visited the flowers of E. nitens are likely to be effective pollinators because all common species of visitors carried many grains of Eucalyptus pollen, and the open floral structure facilitates frequent insect contact with stigmas. Seed production also suggested that a wide variety of insects were effective pollinators because flowers were consistently well pollinated, despite differences in flower-visitor communities among orchards and particular branches of flowers. The generalised entomophilous pollination system of E. nitens suggests that effective pollinators should occur in seed orchards of this tree throughout the world, provided that flowering occurs at a time of year conducive to insect activity. Although a wide variety of insects appear to be effective pollinators of E. nitens, introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera L., that are often deployed as pollinators in seed orchards were consistently not attracted to the flowers. The reliance on wild insects as pollinators suggests that seed production in E. nitens may benefit from reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides in, and near, seed orchards.

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Clonal variation in cone and seed production in black and white spruce seed orchards and management implications

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc72475-5 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 475-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gregory W. Adams ◽

Hartmut A. Kunze

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Black Spruce ◽

White Spruce ◽

Clonal Variation ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Management Options ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Black And White ◽

Orchard Management

Variation in cone and seed production across a range of clones in black and white spruce seed orchards was investigated in 1994. The purpose was to develop production information to be used with knowledge of orchard management practices to capture genetic gain more efficiently and improve clonal balance in orchard seedlots. Bulk cone collections were made from ten randomly selected trees for each of 48 clones and 60 clones of white spruce and black spruce, respectively. The average number of cones tree−1 was determined for each clone. Seeds were extracted and average seeds tree−1, seeds cone−1 and seeds g−1 were determined for each clone. Clones were ranked by cone and seed production and significant variation existed between the two ranks. For white spruce, a strong positive correlation was found between number of cones tree−1 and number of seeds, but the same was not found for black spruce, largely because some of the heaviest cone bearing clones produced lower amounts of sound seed. For both species, clones which produced more cones tree−1 tended to produce fewer seeds per cone and the seed was smaller than clones with more moderate levels of cone production. Clonal balance in cone and seed production is discussed with respect to practical orchard management options. Key words: clonal variation, cone and seed production, seed orchard, black spruce, white spruce

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Cone and Seed Yields from Slash Pine Seed Orchards

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/18.3.122 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 122-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gregory L. Powell ◽

Timothy L. White

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seed Orchard ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Slash Pine ◽

Recording System ◽

Yield Data ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Orchard Management ◽

Intensively Managed ◽

Seed Yields

Abstract The Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program (CFGRP) initiated a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) in 1985 to quantify cone and seed yields of slash pine orchards in the cooperative program. First, historical data were obtained from CFGRP slash pine seed orchards. Secondly, starting in 1985, cultural treatments and production yield data have been collected annually from 56 slash pine seed orchards located throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The vast majority of these orchards are intensively managed for seed production including the use of fertilizer, herbicide, and up to 10 applications of insecticide annually. From 1980 through 1990, the average seed yield from mature orchards (orchards greater than 14 yr old) was 25.1 bushels of cones, and 27.3 lb of seed/ac. For pounds per acre, orchards reach 50% and 90% of full production at ages 11 and 18 yr from grafting, respectively. The use of insecticides in slash pine seed orchards approximately doubles orchard yields. The CFGRP slash pine seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) can aid orchard managers in determining factors that limit or promote seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):122-127.

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The Development of a Program for the Genetic Improvement of Douglas-fir in British Columbia

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc45395-6 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 395-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. L. Orr-Ewing

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Seed Production ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Service Industry ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Important Species ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Interim Measure ◽

Production Areas

The Douglas-fir, one of the most important species in western North America, has been widely planted in coastal British Columbia since 1930. The present measures being taken by the British Columbia Forest Service, Industry and the University of British Columbia to improve the genetic quality of the large amounts of seed required, are discussed. These include seed production areas, selections of plus trees in clone banks and seed orchards, together with the research programs being undertaken by all three organizations. It is noted that at the present time more than 90 per cent of the Douglas-fir seed is collected from unimproved stands. It is considered that the acreage of the seed production areas and the planned expansion of seed orchards will not be sufficient to ensure that future collections will be from improved seed sources. An immediate expansion of seed production areas is suggested as an interim measure. It is considered that there is great potential for the genetic improvement of Douglas-fir as it has already been demonstrated that the species is adaptable to radically different methods of breeding.

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Patterns of hybrid seed production in adjacent seed orchards of Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium in Vietnam

Annals of Forest Science ◽

10.1007/s13595-019-0823-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Son Le ◽

Christopher E. Harwood ◽

Chi Q. Nghiem ◽

A. Rod Griffin ◽

René E. Vaillancourt

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Hybrid Seed ◽

Acacia Auriculiformis ◽

Hybrid Seed Production ◽

Seed Orchards

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Estimating Cone and Seed Production and Monitoring Pest Damage in Southern Pine Seed Orchards

10.2737/se-rp-271 ◽

1988 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carl W. Fatzinger ◽

H. David Muse ◽

Thomas Miller ◽

Helen T. Bhattacharyya

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Southern Pine ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Pest Damage

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Variation and Stability in Female Strobili Production of a First-Generation Clonal Seed Orchard of Chinese Pine (Pinus tabuliformis)

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2014-0007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (1-6) ◽

pp. 41-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Huwei Yuan ◽

Zhexin Li ◽

Pan Fang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Yue Li

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

First Generation ◽

Transition Period ◽

Seed Orchard ◽

Productivity Index ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Chinese Pine ◽

Clonal Seed Orchard ◽

Pinus Tabuliformis ◽

Advanced Generation

AbstractSeed orchards of Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis, are in a transition period from first generation to advanced generation. During this crucial period, evaluation of seed production in seed orchards is essential. Female strobili production is an important factor in seed production. This study examined the variation and stability in female strobili production in a first-generation clonal seed orchard of Chinese pine in years 9, 10, 13, 14, 20 and 21 after grafting in 1974. The results showed significant variation in female strobili production among clones, years, and interactions between clones and years. Correlations in female strobili production between years were significant. The repeatability for female strobili production within the examined years ranged from 0.47 to 0.87. The relative stability of female strobili production varied among clones, with regression coefficients among individual clones and an environmental index ranging from 0.13 to 2.81. The productivity index in different clones ranged from -1.09 to 1.83. Yield stability of female strobili among clones could be estimated from female strobili production. Clones could be divided into three groups according to their stability and productivity parameters. The results of this research provide guidance for evaluating clones in existing seed orchards, as well as some basic information for seed orchard management and advanced-generation seed orchard establishment.

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