A new formulation of quantum electrodynamics

The different forms of Hamiltonian for the coupled system consisting of the electromagnetic field and a non-relativistic charged particle are considered in the context of gauge-transformation theory. The conventional Lagrangian of the system in an arbitrary gauge is converted to a new form by transformation to another arbitrary gauge, and a new formulation of the theory is obtained by expressing the new Lagrangian in terms of the initial potentials. Thus different gauge transformations produce different momenta ∏ conjugate to the initial vector potential A , and hence different forms of Hamiltonian. The transformations that produce the Coulomb-gauge and Power-Zienau-Woolley (P. Z. W.) Hamiltonians are considered in detail. It is shown that ∏ is transverse in both cases and only the transverse part of A is accordingly involved in the field quantization; neither the longitudinal part of A nor the scalar potential appears explicitly, the instantaneous Coulomb energies being included via an electronic polarization determined by the gauge generator. The transformations between gauges are illustrated by simple diagrammatic representations of A and ∏ . Compararison with the commonly used unitary transformation derivation of the P. Z. W. Hamiltonian emphasizes the need for a careful reinterpretation of the physical significance of ∏ after the unitary transformation has been made.

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Quantum electrodynamics

AccessScience ◽

10.1036/1097-8542.562600 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Quantum Electrodynamics

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Adult’s Total Parenteral Nutrition: Initiative and Implementation of Standardized Formulation in Saudi Arabia

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2018.v04i03.14 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 483-487

Author(s):

Yousef Ahmed Alomi ◽

Hussam Saad Almalki ◽

Aisha Omar Fallatah ◽

Awatif Faraj Alshammari ◽

Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Pharmacy Practice ◽

International Standards ◽

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽

Parental Nutrition ◽

International Regulations ◽

One Year ◽

New Formulation ◽

New System

The general administration of pharmaceutical care started potential pharmacy practice program. The program is part of accreditation professional’s process of national and international regulations. The adult’s parenteral nutrition was one of the critical programs. The most healthcare professionals are not familiar with the new system. The new initiatives system adult’s standardized concentration formulation of total parental nutrition as complementary to the previous one. The new formulation consisted of all parental nutrition requirements based on national and international standards. The new system can be converted as computerized physician orders. The new initiatives may implement as project management model over one year or less than that’s. The new system prevents nutrition-related problems, and medication errors, and improve clinical outcomes of the adults’ population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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L'esperienza clinica con Levometadone nel trattamento del disturbo da uso di oppiacei

MISSION ◽

10.3280/mis52-2018oa8541 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

Marco Riglietta ◽

Paolo Donadoni ◽

Grazia Carbone ◽

Caterina Pisoni ◽

Franca Colombi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Events ◽

Real Life ◽

Opioid Use Disorder ◽

Racemic Mixture ◽

Opioid Use ◽

The Real ◽

New Formulation

In Italy, at the end of the 1970s, methadone hydrochloride was introduced for the treatment of opioid use disorder, in the form of a racemic mixture consisting of levomethadone and dextromethadone.In 2015 Levometadone was introduced, a new formulation marketed in Italy for the treatment of opioid use disorder in 2015.The article aims to bring the experience of an Italian Addiction Centre back to the use of this new formulation in the "real life" analyzing the efficacy, the trend of adverse events and pharmacological iterations in a context in which the treated population often uses besides the opiates, cocaine and alcohol, are burdened by a relevant physical and psychic comorbidity and frequently have a prescribed polypharmacy.

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Energy, Information, and Superluminal Speed in Quantum Electrodynamics

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2019-097 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Boris A. Veklenko

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Field ◽

Perturbation Theory ◽

Quantum Electrodynamics ◽

Excited Atom ◽

Standard Quantum ◽

Energy Information

Without using the perturbation theory, the article demonstrates a possibility of superluminal information-carrying signals in standard quantum electrodynamics using the example of scattering of quantum electromagnetic field by an excited atom.

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