ANALYTICAL METHODS | Geochemical Analysis (Including X-ray)

2005 ◽  
pp. 54-76
Author(s):  
R.H. Worden
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2199) ◽  
pp. 20160852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dwivedi ◽  
K. Lepkova ◽  
T. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

Obsidian in Southern Ecuador: The Carboncillo Source

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Ogburn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Organization ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
High Level ◽  
Northern Highlands

AbstractThe Carboncillo area in the southern highlands of Ecuador is identified as the only confirmed source of archaeological obsidian located in the country outside of the northern highlands and is the first identified in the large gap between the known Ecuadorian and Peruvian sources. With the identification of this source, it can no longer be assumed that all obsidian found in Ecuador came from sources in the northern highlands. Thus the Carboncillo source has significant implications for interpreting patterns of long-distance exchange in the Andes, especially in southern Ecuador and the far north of Peru. A geochemical analysis of the Carboncillo material shows that it can be easily distinguished from the obsidian from other Ecuadorian sources. A provenance study of archaeological obsidian samples from the southern highlands of Ecuador using x-ray fluorescence demonstrates that the Carboncillo obsidian was used at the Preceramic site of Chobshi Cave and at a number of late prehispanic sites in the Saraguro region. The results indicate a high level of sociopolitical and economic isolation in late prehistory, most likely tied to a preoccupation with warfare between neighboring groups, and provide additional evidence that the economic organization of the southern highlands differed markedly from that of the north during this time.

O,O-diethyl O-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate: structural evidence of the decomposition product and its oxalate salt

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (9) ◽  
pp. 613-621
Author(s):  
Marc André Althoff ◽  
Jörn Frederik Martens ◽  
Marco Reichel ◽  
Manfred Metzulat ◽  
Thomas Matthias Klapötke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Decomposition Product ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rearrangement Process ◽  
Study Support ◽  
First Time

Abstract The molecular and single crystal structure of O,O-diethyl O-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate oxalate, as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, is described for the first time; although this compound is well-known by industry and research from the mid-20th century. The known decomposition product of pure O,O-diethyl O-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate could also be structurally characterized. Additionally, the compounds are characterized by recent analytical methods e.g. NMR. The findings of our study support the thesis that the isolated decomposition product must be a by-product of the thiono-thiolo rearrangement process of the title compound.

Microscopy and Microanalysis of Blood in a Snake Head Fish, Channa gachua Exposed to Environmental Pollution

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M. Pala ◽  
Sudip Dey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractConventional and highly sophisticated analytical methods (Cyria et al., 1989; Massar et al., 2012a) were used to analyze micro-structural and micro-analytical aspects of the blood of snake head fish, Channa gachua, exposed to municipal wastes and city garbage. Red (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts and hemhemoglobin content were found to be higher in pollution affected fish as compared with control. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the occurrence of abnormal erythrocytes such as crenated cells, echinocytes, lobopodial projections, membrane internalization, spherocytes, ruptured cells, contracted cells, depression, and uneven elongation of erythrocyte membranes in fish inhabiting the polluted sites. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the presence of silicon and lead in the RBCs of pollution affected fish. Significance of the study includes the highly sophisticated analytical approach, which revealed the aforementioned micro-structural abnormalities.

Using X-ray diffraction in forensic science

2007 ◽  
Vol 222 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kotrlý
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Phase Analysis ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
Non Destructive

The majority of expert examination in forensic science is concerned with comparison, determination, and description of diversified samples. X-ray diffraction (powdered and/or single crystal) is bringing big benefits and analytical possibilities into forensic expert work, which are not easily provided by other methods. XRD methods are used in combination with other analytical methods (SEM with EDS/WDS, micro XRF, optical microscopy, FTIR, etc.).Importance of XRD phase analysis in forensic science lies namely in: analysis of relatively small-volume samples, relatively non-destructive, exact phase analysis, quantitative analysis (in majority of cases). And method is conclusive for a court.

Accurate Geochemical Analysis of Samples of Unknown Composition

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
J. Kikkert
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geochemical Significance ◽  
Unknown Composition

Considering all fields of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry geochemical analysis is probably the most complex. The geochemical analyst is often requested to analyse samples of unknown composition and origin. While these samples need to be analysed for a number of elements of economic or geochemical significance it is often impossible or uneconomic to analyse for all elements that could possibly be present in the sample.

Instrumental Techniques for the Analysis of Paper Fillers and Pigments

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Robert Andrews ◽  
Robert Kenneth Mays
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pulp Industry ◽  
Paper And Pulp ◽  
Paper And Pulp Industry

The chemical analyses of pigments and fillers are important to both the manufacturer and the papermaker. Most standard analytical methods, including those of Technical Association of the Paper and Pulp Industry, are based on the so-called classical gravimetric and volumetric techniques. The major components analyzed are TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3 . X-ray diffraction methods are available for the identification of crystalline fillers and pigments in finished paper.

An X-ray study of diamonds artificially prepared by J. B. Hannay in 1880 (With Plate X.)

1943 ◽  
Vol 26 (181) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bannister ◽  
K. Lonsdale
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Slide Bearing ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
General Investigation ◽  
The Times

During the course of a general investigation by one of us (K. L.) of diamonds from various sources, using X-ray analytical methods, the inquiry arose as to whether so-called artificial diamonds had ever been examined in this way. It was found that there was, in the Mineral Department of the British Museum, a glass slide bearing 12 minute specimens, labelled as being diamond, artificially prepared and presented by Mr. J. B. Hannay in 1880, presumably the remainder of those investigated by Prof. N. Story-Maskelyne, and referred to in a letter to the Editor of The Times which appeared in that paper on February 20, 1880, as follows:Sir,—A few weeks since I had to proclaim the failure of one attempt to produce the diamond in a chemical laboratory. To-day I ask a little space in one of your columns in order to announce the entire success of such an attempt by another Glasgow gentleman.

On the provenance and manufacture of red-slipped fine ware from ancient Cassope (NW Greece): evidence by X-ray analytical methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2146-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Papachristodoulou ◽  
Konstantina Gravani ◽  
Artemios Oikonomou ◽  
Kostas Ioannides
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
X Ray
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