REPORTER'S NOTES—FIRST SESSION

1973 ◽  
pp. 905-906
Author(s):  
BARRY HOFFER
Keyword(s):  
First Session

Off to a bad start: John Adams’s tussle over titles

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Alexander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The United States ◽  
John Adams ◽  
The Press ◽  
First Session

From the first days, of the first session, of the first Congress of the United States, the Senate was consumed by an issue that would do immense and lasting political harm to the sitting vice president, John Adams. The issue was a seemingly unimportant one: titles. Adams had strong opinions on what constituted a proper title for important officers of government and, either because he was unconcerned or unaware of the damage it would cause, placed himself in the middle of the brewing dispute. Adams hoped the president would be referred to as, “His highness, the President of the United States of America, and Protector of the Rights of the Same.” The suggestion enraged many, amused some, and was supported by few. He lost the fight over titles and made fast enemies with several of the Senators he was constitutionally obligated to preside over. Adams was savaged in the press, derided in the Senate and denounced by one of his oldest and closest friends. Not simply an isolated incident of political tone-deafness, this event set the stage for the campaign against Adams as a monarchist and provided further proof of his being woefully out of touch.

The Effect of Odor and Color on Chemical Cooling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pellegrino ◽  
Curtis Luckett
Keyword(s):  
Primary Component ◽  
Magnitude Scale ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Chemical Binding ◽  
Cooling Intensity ◽  
Crossmodal Associations ◽  
First Session

Chemesthesis, along with taste and olfaction, is a primary component of flavor that engages the trigeminal system through specific chemical binding. For instance, many gums or confectionaries incorporate chemical cooling agents, such as Wilkinson Sword (WS) compounds, to create the sensation of coldness. The current study was designed to evaluate crossmodal associations of color and aroma with the chemesthetic perception of cooling. A “minty” and non-odorized set of confectionary stimuli, colored green, blue or white, with moderate cooling properties (with WS-3) were used in this study. In the first session, participants were randomly presented a stimuli and asked to rate several attributes including its cooling intensity on a generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS). In the second session, the same participants were asked to relate cooling levels to different colors and which color relates to the “minty” odor. Additionally, open-ended reasons were given for association choices. Appearance and odor influenced the intensity of cooling sensation. In particular, the odorized and blue samples were rated as cooler than the non-odorized and other colored samples, respectively. The follow-up session confirms blue as a color associated with cooling properties, especially cool objects/abstract concepts. Meanwhile, odor’s enhancement on cooling sensation may be more perceptual in nature through affective matching from enhanced flavor.

scholarly journals MEG signatures of long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the majority

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gorin ◽  
V. Klucharev ◽  
A. Ossadtchi ◽  
I. Zubarev ◽  
V. Moiseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
The Face ◽  
First Session

AbstractPeople often change their beliefs by succumbing to an opinion of others. Such changes are often referred to as effects of social influence. While some previous studies have focused on the reinforcement learning mechanisms of social influence or on its internalization, others have reported evidence of changes in sensory processing evoked by social influence of peer groups. In this study, we used magnetoencephalographic (MEG) source imaging to further investigate the long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the peer group. The study was composed of two sessions. During the first session, participants rated the trustworthiness of faces and subsequently learned group rating of each face. In the first session, a neural marker of an immediate mismatch between individual and group opinions was found in the posterior cingulate cortex, an area involved in conflict-monitoring and reinforcement learning. To identify the neural correlates of the long-lasting effect of the group opinion, we analysed MEG activity while participants rated faces during the second session. We found MEG traces of past disagreement or agreement with the peers at the parietal cortices 230 ms after the face onset. The neural activity of the superior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, and precuneus was significantly stronger when the participant’s rating had previously differed from the ratings of the peers. The early MEG correlates of disagreement with the majority were followed by activity in the orbitofrontal cortex 320 ms after the face onset. Altogether, the results reveal the temporal dynamics of the neural mechanism of long-term effects of disagreement with the peer group: early signatures of modified face processing were followed by later markers of long-term social influence on the valuation process at the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Immediate and Delayed Reactions to Trauma-related Laboratory Research Among Rape Survivors and Controls

2021 ◽  
pp. 155626462199610
Author(s):  
Steven R. Lawyer ◽  
Brittney M. Holcomb ◽  
Kateřina Příhodová
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Trauma Research ◽  
Rape Survivors ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
First Session

Ethical implications of laboratory-based experimental trauma research are not well studied. Female rape survivors ( N = 62) and controls ( N = 79) listened to an audio recording of a sexual assault and completed mental health measures and the Reactions to Research Participation Questionnaire-Revised in the first session and again several weeks later. In the first session, mental health symptoms were associated with stronger emotional reactions and personal benefits from participation. Rape survivors also reported stronger emotional reactions than controls, but also more personal benefits, more satisfaction, and fewer perceived drawbacks from participation. Several weeks later, both groups reported diminished posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and rape survivors’ reports of stronger emotional reactions and greater satisfaction with their participation remained significant. Benefit–cost ratios indicate positive responses to participation across groups and time. Findings suggest significant benefits to laboratory trauma research for participants.

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