scholarly journals MEG signatures of long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the majority

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gorin ◽  
V. Klucharev ◽  
A. Ossadtchi ◽  
I. Zubarev ◽  
V. Moiseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
The Face ◽  
First Session

AbstractPeople often change their beliefs by succumbing to an opinion of others. Such changes are often referred to as effects of social influence. While some previous studies have focused on the reinforcement learning mechanisms of social influence or on its internalization, others have reported evidence of changes in sensory processing evoked by social influence of peer groups. In this study, we used magnetoencephalographic (MEG) source imaging to further investigate the long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the peer group. The study was composed of two sessions. During the first session, participants rated the trustworthiness of faces and subsequently learned group rating of each face. In the first session, a neural marker of an immediate mismatch between individual and group opinions was found in the posterior cingulate cortex, an area involved in conflict-monitoring and reinforcement learning. To identify the neural correlates of the long-lasting effect of the group opinion, we analysed MEG activity while participants rated faces during the second session. We found MEG traces of past disagreement or agreement with the peers at the parietal cortices 230 ms after the face onset. The neural activity of the superior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, and precuneus was significantly stronger when the participant’s rating had previously differed from the ratings of the peers. The early MEG correlates of disagreement with the majority were followed by activity in the orbitofrontal cortex 320 ms after the face onset. Altogether, the results reveal the temporal dynamics of the neural mechanism of long-term effects of disagreement with the peer group: early signatures of modified face processing were followed by later markers of long-term social influence on the valuation process at the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals A nonlinear relationship between prediction errors and learning rates in human reinforcement learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdem Pulcu
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Nonlinear Relationship ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
Update Rules ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractWe are living in a dynamic world in which stochastic relationships between cues and outcome events create different sources of uncertainty1 (e.g. the fact that not all grey clouds bring rain). Living in an uncertain world continuously probes learning systems in the brain, guiding agents to make better decisions. This is a type of value-based decision-making which is very important for survival in the wild and long-term evolutionary fitness. Consequently, reinforcement learning (RL) models describing cognitive/computational processes underlying learning-based adaptations have been pivotal in behavioural2,3 and neural sciences4–6, as well as machine learning7,8. This paper demonstrates the suitability of novel update rules for RL, based on a nonlinear relationship between prediction errors (i.e. difference between the agent’s expectation and the actual outcome) and learning rates (i.e. a coefficient with which agents update their beliefs about the environment), that can account for learning-based adaptations in the face of environmental uncertainty. These models illustrate how learners can flexibly adapt to dynamically changing environments.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Perception of Facial Candling for Allergic Rhinitis among University Staff and Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nurul Khaleeda Athiraah Hamdan ◽  
Qi Ying Lean ◽  
Chin Fen Neoh ◽  
Amir Heberd Abdullah ◽  
Siong Meng Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
The Face ◽  
E Mail

Introduction. Facial candling is a traditional method used for relieving symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR). This study aims to investigate the knowledge and perception of facial candling in a sample of staff and students in a public university in Malaysia. Methods. An online questionnaire survey method was used. Based on sample size calculation, a total of 1,508 UiTM staff and students from ten selected campuses of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) were invited to participate in this survey. An up-to-date e-mail list of staff in the selected campuses was used as the sampling frame for the study, whereas the students were recruited from the official university student Facebook portal. Results. A total of 788 respondents participated in this survey, 72.2% of them knew about facial candling, though only 35.4% had tried the treatment. Approximately one-fifth of respondents agreed that facial candling might treat AR. It was found that a higher number of users than nonusers agreed that facial candling was a traditional medicine (78.9% vs 55.0%); could be used on the face and ears (83.5% vs 45.4%); and could be self-administered at home (83.5 vs 45.4%). Interestingly, more than half of them were uncertain about its long-term effects and adverse reactions. Conclusion. This study confirms the facial candling use among patients with AR although the percentage is low. The patients and general public need to be better informed about the use of facial candling in AR and its associated risks.

scholarly journals Long-term evaluation of Class II subdivision treatment with unilateral maxillary first molar extraction

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Livas ◽  
Nikolaos Pandis ◽  
Johan Willem Booij ◽  
Christos Katsaros ◽  
Yijin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
The Face ◽  
Molar Extraction

ABSTRACT Objective:  To evaluate the long-term effects of asymmetrical maxillary first molar (M1) extraction in Class II subdivision treatment. Materials and Methods:  Records of 20 Class II subdivision whites (7 boys, 13 girls; mean age, 13.0 years; SD, 1.7 years) consecutively treated with the Begg technique and M1 extraction, and 15 untreated asymmetrical Class II adolescents (4 boys, 11 girls; mean age, 12.2 years; SD, 1.3 years) were examined in this study. Cephalometric analysis and PAR assessment were carried out before treatment (T1), after treatment (T2), and on average 2.5 years posttreatment (T3) for the treatment group, and at similar time points and average follow-up of 1.8 years for the controls. Results:  The adjusted analysis indicated that the maxillary incisors were 2.3 mm more retracted in relation to A-Pog between T1 and T3 (β  =  2.31; 95% CI; 0.76, 3.87), whereas the mandibular incisors were 1.3 mm more protracted (β  =  1.34; 95% CI; 0.09, 2.59), and 5.9° more proclined to the mandibular plane (β  =  5.92; 95% CI; 1.43, 10.41) compared with controls. The lower lip appeared 1.4 mm more protrusive relative to the subnasale-soft tissue-Pog line throughout the observation period in the treated adolescents (β  =  1.43; 95% CI; 0.18, 2.67). There was a significant PAR score reduction over the entire follow-up period in the molar extraction group (β  =  −6.73; 95% CI; −10.7, −2.7). At T2, 65% of the subjects had maxillary midlines perfectly aligned with the face. Conclusions:  Unilateral M1 extraction in asymmetrical Class II cases may lead to favorable occlusal outcomes in the long term without harming the midline esthetics and soft tissue profile.

scholarly journals Frontline Extension Professionals & COVID-19: Supporting Household Food Security & Building Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Mary Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Community Capitals ◽  
Community Capitals Framework ◽  
Household Food ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

The world was not prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. It has tremendously impacted health and food systems around the world and the depth and breadth of its long-term effects are yet to be seen. The rates of those that will be in poverty and food insecure are significantly higher than the predictions pre-COVID. People are coping in any way that they can, at times in ways that will have lasting impacts on their households and communities. A community’s ability to absorb, adapt, and transform in the face of crisis can significantly impact how it is able to survive and thrive during those challenging times. A frontline extension professional can equitably build assets and thus capitals, ultimately increasing household and community resilience. Keywords: COVID-19; food security; resilience; coping; Community Capitals Framework

scholarly journals Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Hertz ◽  
Vaughan Bell ◽  
Nichola Raihani
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
Learning From Others

Social learning underpins our species’ extraordinary success. Learning through observation has been investigated in several species but learning from advice – where information is intentionally broadcast – is less understood. We used a pre-registered, online experiment (N=1492) combined with computational modelling to examine learning through observation and advice. Participants were more likely to immediately follow advice than to copy an observed choice but this was dependent upon trust in the adviser: highly paranoid participants were less likely to follow advice in the short-term. Reinforcement learning modelling revealed two distinct patterns regarding the long-term effects of social information: some individuals relied fully on social information whereas others reverted to trial-and-error learning. This variation may affect prevalence and fidelity of socially-transmitted information. Our results highlight the privileged status of advice relative to observation and how assimilation of intentionally-broadcasted information is affected by trust in others.

scholarly journals Cumulative Effects of Chemical Spills Using a Spatial Temporal Dynamics Analysis Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Dimca-Panaitescu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Environmental Properties ◽  
Chemical Spills ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Impact

The increasing number of accidents involving chemical spills demands development of not only feasible emergency strategies, but also a consistent framework to protect the environment and prevent accidents. This can be possible only by a sound understanding of the environmental impact of spills and their potential long-term effects. Furthermore, the impact assessment of chemical spills can not be done disregarding the spatial-temporal pattern of previous exposures reciprocally influenced by both chemical and environmental properties. In this context, the thesis proposes a general framework to quantify the cumulative effects of chemical spills at any given point of a certain area based on a “present” history of exposure coupled with chemical and environmental properties designated as relevant to predict possible pictures o f future exposure and estimate in advance potential alarming levels of pollution. To achieve this purpose, the following objectives are set up. The first objective is to develop a four-dimensional model to simulate a single-spill event based on certain assumptions about chemical and soil characteristics. The second objective is to develop an algorithm to assess the cumulative effects of chemical spills on a selected area using the model for a single-spill event while taking into account the effects of those spills of the spatial-temporal zone adjacent to the study area.

scholarly journals Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment of Chronic Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan W.S. Vlaeyen ◽  
Geert Crombez
Keyword(s):  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Repeated Pain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Pain is considered a hardwired signal of bodily disturbance belonging to a basic motivational system that urges the individual to act and to restore the body's integrity, rather than just a sensory and emotional experience. Given its eminent survival value, pain is a strong motivator for learning. Response to repeated pain increases when harm risks are high (sensitization) and decreases in the absence of such risks (habituation). Discovering relations between pain and other events provides the possibility to predict (Pavlovian conditioning) and control (operant conditioning) harmful events. Avoidance is adaptive in the short term but paradoxically may have detrimental long-term effects. Pain and pain-related responses compete with other demands in the environment. Exposure-based treatments share the aim of facilitating or restoring the pursuit of individual valued life goals in the face of persistent pain, and further improvements in pain treatment may require a paradigm shift toward more personalized approaches.

scholarly journals An exploration of individual experiences of constant organisational change

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Williams ◽  
A. Crafford ◽  
L. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Change Management ◽  
South African ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

Ongoing change is an inevitable part of the current organisational context. Change management practices are oftencited as a reason for resistance to change, and as a cause of stress for individuals during change interventions. A qualitative study was undertaken in a technical division of a large South African organisation to explore the individual experiences of employees in the face of constant organisational change. Grounded theory analysis confirmed that constant organisational change and the related change management practices were indeed a source of unpleasant individual experience for employees at the time. Yet, no serious long-term effects of stress were evident. It is suggested that Strümpfer’s (1983–2000) work on salutogenesis and fortigenesis may be useful in explaining the outcome. Further research incorporating larger sample sizes and multiple triangulation methods in the data gathering process is recommended.Opsomming Kontinue verandering is ’n onvermydelike deel van die huidige organisasiekonteks. Veranderingsbestuurspraktyke word gereeld geopper as ’n rede vir die weerstand teen verandering asook die oorsaak van spanning by individue tydens veranderingsintervensies. ‘n Kwalitatiewe studie in die tegniese divisie van ’n groot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappy is onderneem om die individuele ervaring van werknemers tydens konstante organisasieverandering te ondersoek. ’n Begronde teorie- ontleding het aangetoon dat konstante organisasieverandering en die gepaardgaande veranderingsbestuurspraktyke inderdaad ’n bron van onaangename ervaring vir werknemers is. Desnieteenstaande was ernstige langtermyn gevolge van spanning nie waarneembaar nie . Dit word aangevoer dat Strümpfer (1983–2000) se werk oor salutogenese en fortigenese nuttig mag wees in die verklaring van die bevindings. Verdere navorsing wat groter steekproefgroottes en intermetodiese kruisvalidering tydens die data-insamelingsproses insluit, word voorgestel.

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