Mixing and Unmixing in the Bushveld Complex Magma Chamber

Author(s):  
Jill A. VanTongeren
2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1523-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Vukmanovic ◽  
M B Holness ◽  
M J Stock ◽  
R J Roberts

Abstract The Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex contains the world’s largest Fe–Ti–V ± P deposit and formed from the last major injection of magma into the chamber. Quantitative textural analysis of Upper Zone rocks was undertaken to constrain the processes operating during mush formation and solidification, focussing on horizons with the greatest density contrast to isolate the effects of gravitational loading. We examined three magnetitite layers, together with their underlying and overlying anorthosites. The similarity of microstructures in anorthosites above and below the dense magnetitite layers suggests that the rocks were not affected by viscous compaction driven by gravitational loading. The magnetitite cumulate layers formed by crystal accumulation from a mobile crystal slurry dominated by the Fe-rich conjugate of an unmixed immiscible liquid. We suggest a new mechanism of crystal nucleation in deforming crystal-rich systems, driven by undercooling caused by cavitation as grains slide past each other during simple shear. We propose that the super-solidus deformation recorded in these rocks was caused by prolonged regional subsidence of the magma chamber at Upper Zone times.


2015 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Trumbull ◽  
L. D. Ashwal ◽  
S. J. Webb ◽  
I. V. Veksler

Abstract. A scientific drilling project in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa has been proposed to contribute to the following scientific topics of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP): large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, natural resources, volcanic systems and thermal regimes, and deep life. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from eight countries met in Johannesburg to exchange ideas about the scientific objectives and a drilling strategy to achieve them. The workshop identified drilling targets in each of the three main lobes of the Bushveld Complex, which will integrate existing drill cores with new boreholes to establish permanently curated and accessible reference profiles of the Bushveld Complex. Coordinated studies of this material will address fundamental questions related to the origin and evolution of parental Bushveld magma(s), the magma chamber processes that caused layering and ore formation, and the role of crust vs. mantle in the genesis of Bushveld granites and felsic volcanic units. Other objectives are to study geophysical and geodynamic aspects of the Bushveld intrusion, including crustal stresses and thermal gradient, and to determine the nature of deep groundwater systems and the biology of subsurface microbial communities.


2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Grant Cawthorn

Abstract The origin of cumulate grains in layered intrusions is actively debated. Earliest views assumed that all grains grew in the now-exposed magma chamber. An alternative view is that some grains were injected from deeper magma chambers (never to be exposed). Such grains have been called antecrysts. In this model upward reversals in the anorthite content of plagioclase grains in anorthosite-bearing sequences have been considered to indicate such processes, and are considered to represent the bases of cycles. Data from two deep boreholes in the upper half of the Bushveld Complex permit testing of such ideas. Careful inspection shows that anorthosites (over 45 in one core and 12 in another) do not show an increase in their anorthite contents relative to their immediate footwall samples. Further, all examples of cycles (where enough closely spaced samples are available) in one borehole show that there is a slow upward increase in the anorthite contents over tens of metres and several samples, and that anorthosite does not occur at the base of such reversals, inconsistent with injection and accumulation of a slurry of grains with constant composition. Multiple analyses of many grains in a single sample show a typical standard deviation of ±1·5% An. However, a very few samples from both boreholes show a much larger standard deviation. Examination of every single analysis from one core shows that there are rare, isolated grains with a much higher anorthite content (±5%) than the average, rarely more than one per sample (out of 10–20 analyses). It is perfectly possible that these grains are indeed antecrysts. They are not located specifically in anorthosite samples, but can occur in rocks with any proportion of plagioclase. Based on 3000 analyses they constitute of the order of 1% of the total analysed population. The injection of magma may have occurred, but its entrainment of slurries of plagioclase is not consistent with these data.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuosen Yao ◽  
James E. Mungall ◽  
M. Christopher Jenkins

AbstractThe Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex of South Africa is a vast layered accumulation of mafic and ultramafic rocks. It has long been regarded as a textbook result of fractional crystallization from a melt-dominated magma chamber. Here, we show that most units of the Rustenburg Layered Suite can be derived with thermodynamic models of crustal assimilation by komatiitic magma to form magmatic mushes without requiring the existence of a magma chamber. Ultramafic and mafic cumulate layers below the Upper and Upper Main Zone represent multiple crystal slurries produced by assimilation-batch crystallization in the upper and middle crust, whereas the chilled marginal rocks represent complementary supernatant liquids. Only the uppermost third formed via lower-crustal assimilation–fractional crystallization and evolved by fractional crystallization within a melt-rich pocket. Layered intrusions need not form in open magma chambers. Mineral deposits hitherto attributed to magma chamber processes might form in smaller intrusions of any geometric form, from mushy systems entirely lacking melt-dominated magma chambers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Prevec

SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène associé, de profils de litage cryptique et de preuves texturales. Ainsi, une grande variété de modèles alternatifs de genèse de minerai a été proposée. La mécanique fondamentale des processus de la chambre magmatique et l'existence de la chambre magmatique en tant qu'entité ont été remises en question au moyen de divers éléments de preuve qui ont mis en avant le concept de mise en place progressive du complexe sous forme d'un empilement non-nécessairement séquentiel de sills injectés (avec ou sans quantités significatives de phénocristaux transportés) mis en place dans des mélanges de bouillie cristaux/liquide à cristallisation et compaction variable, modifiés par une activité tardive de fluide magmatique (silicaté et aqueux) induite par la compaction. Alternativement, des observations pétrologiques et géochimiques ont été utilisées pour écarter ces interprétations en faveur d'un processus plus conventionnel de refroidissement et d’accumulation de minérais silicatés et minéralisés induite par la gravité dans un vaste système à dominance liquide.


1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (405) ◽  
pp. 153-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Wilson ◽  
J. B. Chaumba

AbstractThe Lower Mafic Succession of the Great Dyke is a 700 m thick sequence of gabbroic rocks which shows remarkably regular mineral compositional trends and trace element contents in whole rocks. Such chemical trends are strongly indicative of undisturbed fractionation having taken place within the magma chamber and contrast with the major development of cyclic units which characterize the underlying Ultramafic Sequence of the Great Dyke. The style of fractionation is quite different to that in the equivalent Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex with the latter possibly reflecting a ‘leaky’ input system, whereas in the Great Dyke the magma chamber was sealed. Major compositional reversals at the interface between the websterite layer (the topmost unit of the Ultramafic Sequence) and the base of the Lower Mafic Succession indicate a change in crystallization conditions at this level. Modal percentages of plagioclase and Al2O3 content of pyroxenes show the same trends indicating a strong control by temperature and magma composition.Modelling of the fractionation processes and the influence of trapped liquid was carried out for Mg#, Cr2O3, and NiO in pyroxenes and for Zr in whole rock. The lowermost gabbroic rocks are adcumulates with effectively zero trapped liquid which contrasts with 10–15% trapped liquid in the underlying websterite There is a gradual rise in the amount of trapped liquid upwards in the Lower Mafic Succession. These results have implications for the mechanisms by which porosity is reduced in mafic cumulates. An injection of a small amount (10%) of new magma at the interface of the Ultramafic-Mafic Sequences of the Great Dyke was of a composition slightly different to that which gave rise to the cyclic units of the Ultramafic Sequence.


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