Common forestry practices

2022 ◽  
pp. 265-294
Author(s):  
Donald L. Grebner ◽  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
Jacek P. Siry ◽  
Kevin Boston
Keyword(s):  
Forestry Practices

scholarly journals Why Protect Ancient Woodland in the UK? Rethinking the Ecosystem Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jona Razzaque ◽  
Claire Lester
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Ancient Woodland ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Sites of ancient woodland in the United Kingdom (UK) are diminishing rapidly and the multifunctional forest management system with its fragmented approach fails effectively to protect such woodland. In the face of reports on the destruction of ancient woodland, the HS2 High-Speed train project in the UK signifies the extent of trade-offs among the key stakeholders. Such large infrastructure projects typically come with high environmental and social costs, including deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and social disruption. This article examines the protection of ancient woodland in the UK and assesses the challenges in applying the ecosystem approach, an internationally recognized sustainability strategy, in the context of such protection. A better understanding of the ecosystem approach to manage ancient woodland is critical for promoting sustainable forestry practices in the UK and informs the discussion in this article of the importance of conserving ancient woodland globally. Lessons learned from UK woodland policies and certification schemes include the need to have in place strong regulatory frameworks, introduce clear indicators, and recognize pluralistic value systems alongside economic considerations. The article concludes that the protection of ancient woodland in the UK requires distinct and strong laws that reflect multiple values of this resource, acknowledge the trade-offs among stakeholders, and adopt an inclusive approach to reduce power asymmetries.

Forestry practices and biodiversity, with particular reference to the Maritime Provinces of eastern Canada

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Freedman ◽  
Stephen Woodley ◽  
Judy Loo
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Forest Industries ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

The Canadian forest industries are based on the extensive harvesting and management of forests, with attendant effects on biodiversity at all levels of organization. In large part, conflicts between forestry and biodiversity occur because lands that are harvested and managed are mostly natural and seminatural ecosystems. Prior to being affected by forestry, such lands provided habitat for native species of wild life and their communities. Some of these elements of biodiversity may not find silvicultural habitats, especially plantations, to be suitable to their needs. In addition, the longer term integrity of some natural ecosystems, for example old-growth forests, is not compatible with any but the softest types of exploitation and management. This report discusses interactions of forestry and biodiversity at three levels of organization: (i) genetic variation within populations and species; (ii) the richness of species within communities; and (iii) the richness of community types on the landscape. A broader conclusion of our report is the following: If forestry systems of harvesting and management are to be practised in an ecologically sustainable fashion, then all elements of biodiversity must be accommodated within a landscape comprised of an integration of working lands and ecological reserves. The spatial scale of this integration could be various, ranging from large watersheds, to the "woodsheds" of particular industrial facilities, to provincial and national areas. Therefore, resolution of the substantial conflicts between biodiversity and forestry requires the design of ecologically sustainable landscapes that can provide a flow of timber and other valuated forest products, while still sustaining natural biodiversity resources.Key words: forest management, biodiversity, ecological reserves, eastern Canada, harvesting practices, old growth.

scholarly journals Standing deadwood for keystone bird species in the eastern boreal forest: Managing for snag dynamics

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Drapeau ◽  
Antoine Nappi ◽  
Louis Imbeau ◽  
Michel Saint-Germain
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Tree Retention ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Extensive even-aged management of the boreal forest and its consequences on the loss of late-seral stages (>100 years) is raising concerns about the future of organisms associated with standing deadwood. The considerable reduction of deadwood not only at the stand but at the landscape level is considered to be one of the principal causes of biodiversity loss in managed forest ecosystems worldwide. Ecosystem-oriented management approaches propose a fundamental change in forestry practices whereby live and dead tree retention becomes an important consideration in forest harvesting. We use woodpecker assemblages and their association with standing deadwood for both nesting and foraging to emphasize the importance of the entire range of snag degradation stages for maintenance of key ecological processes in habitat remnants of managed landscapes. We argue that bridging foraging and nesting knowledge of woodpecker’s snag requirements can refine conservation objectives for deadwood retention in the boreal forest. Key words: deadwood, woodpeckers, hole-nesting community, late-seral forests, keystone species, foraging and nesting tree requirements, food webs, nest webs, snag management

scholarly journals The contribution of chestnut coppice forests on slope stability in abandoned territory: a case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Bassanelli ◽  
Gian Battista Bischetti ◽  
Enrico Antonio Chiaradia ◽  
Lorenzo Rossi ◽  
Chiara Vergani
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Root Cohesion ◽  
Chestnut Coppice ◽  
High Level

Sweet chestnut has been for many centuries fundamental for the Italian mountainous economies, where this kind of forest was traditionally managed in short rotation to rapidly produce wood biomass. Due to the social and economic changes, which made such management scheme unprofitable especially on the steep and remote slopes, such practice has been mainly abandoned and most of chestnut forests became over-aged and very dense, causing an increase of localized slope instability. In this work the effect of over-aged chestnut coppice forests on shallow landslides was analysed by evaluating and comparing mechanical contribution to soil shear strength provided by root systems in differently managed chestnut stands. The study area is located in Valcuvia (Lombardy Prealps) where three different stands, one managed and the others abandoned (over 40 year aged), established on cohesionless slopes (quaternary moraine deposits) were chosen having care to select homogeneous conditions in terms of substrate, aspect and elevation. As slope steepness strongly affects forestry practices and steeper stands are more frequently abandoned, the considered stands have different terrain inclination, 30-35° in abandoned stands and 13° in the managed one. Slope stability of the three sites was evaluated by applying the infinite slope approach accounting for additional root cohesion and tree surcharge. Additional root cohesion was estimated through the Fiber Boundle Model approach by collecting roots in the field and measuring their resistance in laboratory, and by measuring root diameter and density distribution with depth by the wall technique method. The results, as expected, showed that over-aging does not affect root mechanical properties, whereas it significantly affects root distribution within the soil. In terms of slope stability, when steepness exceeds 35°, instability phenomena can be triggered by high level of soil saturation in the case of over-aged forests, whereas for less extreme cases chestnut forests, although over-aged, are able and fundamental to guarantee safe conditions.

Effects of forest–clearcut edges on a forest-breeding songbird

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1026-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J Harris ◽  
J Michael Reed
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
Neotropical Migrant ◽  
Dendroica Caerulescens ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Interior Forest ◽  
Negative Impacts

To understand local and regional changes in Neotropical migrant songbird populations it is important to determine whether forest-breeders can use and persist in the dynamic, variegated landscapes created by modern forestry practices. We made detailed observations of a species classified as a mature-forest specialist, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), adjacent to clearcut edges and in intact forest in a large industrial forest landscape. We measured reproductive success, habitat use, resource abundance, the potential for inter- and intra-specific competition, and predator densities. Unlike most studies of edge effects, our study showed both positive and negative impacts of associations with edges. We recorded a lower density of potential avian competitors within intact forest, as well as a higher proportion of older male black-throated blue warblers at interior forest sites. In addition, proportionally more fledglings were observed in intact forest. However, males at edge sites had higher pairing success and edges had higher understory density (which is positively associated with reproductive success in other studies), evidence of higher abundance of their primary food source and lower densities of diurnal egg and nestling predators. The net result of these mixed patterns is that males gaining a territory at edge or interior sites appeared to have similar probabilities of producing fledglings.

Professional Regulation and Accountability in Forestry

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
David S. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Standards Of Conduct ◽  
Certification Type ◽  
High Standards

Professional forestry organizations have a unique mandate to monitor and regulate the quality of forestry being practised in Canada. However, an inability or a reluctance by these organizations to fulfill this mandate coupled with increasing public concern over poor forestry practices could lead to other forms of regulation. This, in turn, could result in a decrease in the influence of foresters as a profession over the regulation of forestry practices.Professional self-regulation is one method of regulating a profession. Licencing schemes, which require a person to be registered before being able to practise, are generally more effective than certification schemes, which merely identify that members have met certain standards of training.Of the five professional forestry organizations in Canada, two are licensing-type organizations, while three are certification-type organizations.The roles of self-governing professional groups can include establishing and enforcing standards of conduct and practice, and discipline of members who fail to meet the prescribed standards. Where employer instructions conflict with professional ethics or standards, foresters should advise that they are unable to carry out the instructions. In this way, foresters, not employers, should hold the primary role in determining the quality of forestry practised in Canada.It is recommended that professional forestry organizations be licensing-type organizations, and develop and actively enforce high standards of conduct. Support must be provided for members who endeavour to live up to those standards.

scholarly journals A First Generation Heterobasidion Hybrid Discovered in Larix lyalli in Montana

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lockman ◽  
S. Mascheretti ◽  
S. Schechter ◽  
M. Garbelotto
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Mitochondrial Atpase ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Larix Lyallii ◽  
Wilderness Area ◽  
Nuclear Loci ◽  
Alpine Larch

On September 25, 2010, a wood sample was collected from an entirely decayed root ball of an alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.), 10 cm in diameter at breast height, recently downed, but still green. No attempts were made to determine whether the decay progressed into the stem. The discovery occurred in a stand in the Bitterroot Mountains, south of Darby, Montana (elev. 2,530 m; 45.893528° N, 114.278322° W). Several adjacent alpine larches were either dead or displayed thin crowns, and an old Heterobasidion basidiocarp was found on the decayed root ball of a neighboring dead tree, suggesting the presence of a root disease pocket. The stand is mature and composed of alpine larch, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), and a few subalpine firs (Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall), but only larches were symptomatic. No stumps were visible, and the site is in a designated wilderness area characterized by minimal forest management. Wood chips displaying a white rot with bleached speckles were plated on 2% malt agar, and cultures displaying the typical Heterobasidion anamorph (Spiniger meineckellus) were visible after 7 days. DNA was extracted from two distinct cultures, and the sequences of three nuclear loci, namely the internal transcribed spacer, the elongation factor 1-alpha, and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were analyzed. The sequence of the mitochondrial ATPase was also sequenced. All loci were amplified using the primers indicated in Linzer et al. (2). Sequences of all three nuclear loci (GenBank Accession Nos. KF811480 to 82) unequivocally indicated both isolates to be first generation hybrids between H. irregulare (Underw.) Garbel. & Otrosina and H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbel. Cumulatively, sequences were heterozygous at over 40 positions in all three loci, and for the presence of two indels (one in ITS, one in EF 1-alpha). Polymorphisms and indels indicated alleles from both species were present in these heterokaryotic (ploidy n+n) isolates. The mitochondrial ATPase (KF811483 to 84) indicated instead the cytoplasm belonged to H. occidentale, suggesting that species was the first to be established in the infected tree and was either dikaryotized by a basidiopsore of the other species, or subject to nuclear re-assortment through di-mon mating with a genotype of H. irregulare. This is the first report of a Heterobasidion sp. in L. lyalli, and it is the second report of a natural Heterobasidion hybrid in North America (1). This finding indicates Alpine larch may be a host for both Heterobasidion species, as described for pine stumps in California (1). Thus, this conifer may have provided a substrate for the hybridization and interspecific gene introgression documented to have occurred before stumps were generated in high frequency by modern forestry practices (2). References: (1) M. Garbelotto et al. Phytopathology 86:543, 1996. (2) R. Linzer et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46:844, 2008.

scholarly journals Potential Recolonization Benefits of Retention Forestry Practices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Loehle ◽  
Kevin A Solarik ◽  
Daniel U Greene ◽  
Laura Six ◽  
Darren J H Sleep
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Retention Forestry ◽  
Tree Retention ◽  
Scattered Trees ◽  
Retention Practices ◽  
Slow Growing

Abstract Tree retention after forest harvest is often used to enhance biodiversity in forests that are otherwise managed using even-aged systems. It remains unclear to what extent scattered trees and residual patches (i.e., retained structures) actually facilitate recolonization of species in logged areas. For assessing recolonization benefits, it is necessary to consider both survival in retained structures postharvest and recolonization in cleared areas. We conducted a literature review to assess recolonization responses of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, vascular plants, invertebrates, lichens/bryophytes, and mycorrhizal fungi. The clearest benefits of retention were for poorly dispersing plants. Seed dispersal type may be a key life-history trait relative to effectiveness of recolonization, with animal-dispersed seeds having the greatest dispersal range. We found that lichens/bryophytes are likely not dispersal limited (with possible exceptions) but are slow growing and require the development of moist microsite conditions. Significant literature gaps exist for amphibians, nonvolant invertebrates, and mycorrhizal fungi. Overall, recolonization success postharvest is taxon specific, where the benefits of implementing retention systems will depend on the region and species within that region. Species that require a long growth period (some lichens) or are poor dispersers (some herbaceous species) may benefit more from the creation of forest reserves than from retention practices.

scholarly journals Recreationists’ Perceptions of Scenic Beauty and Satisfaction at a Public Forest Managed for Endangered Wildlife

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Paudyal ◽  
Taylor V. Stein ◽  
Holly K. Ober ◽  
Mickie E. Swisher ◽  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Red Cockaded Woodpecker ◽  
Public Forests

Prescribed burning and other active forest management treatments have been proven to be essential for maintaining suitable habitat conditions for many wildlife species, including the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW). This study examines the perception of forest management treatments of recreation users participating in various activities (hunting, hiking/backpacking, camping, off-highway vehicle riding, and canoeing/kayaking) in terms of scenic beauty and recreation satisfaction. We used photographic images to capture various forest management treatments of different intensity levels and times after treatments, and assessed users’ perception of scenic beauty and recreation satisfaction. Results indicated variation among users participating in different recreation activities, but that good quality RCW habitat offered both higher scenic beauty and higher recreation satisfaction than poor quality habitat for most user groups. Finally, recreation satisfaction was statistically equal to perceived scenic beauty from both good and poor-quality RCW habitats for most of the user groups, thus suggesting the importance of scenic beauty on forest sites in determining recreation users’ attainment of visit satisfaction. Findings conclude that forest sites developed as good quality RCW habitat in the present state also offer quality experience to recreation users, thus supporting multi-objective forestry practices in public forests.

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