The in situ experimentation technique in HVEM seems to be particularly suitable to clarify the processes involved in recrystallization. The material under investigation was unidirectionally cold-rolled titanium of commercial purity. The problem was approached in two different ways. The three-dimensional analysis of textures was used to describe the texture evolution during the primary recrystallization. Observations of bulk-annealed specimens or thin foils annealed in the microscope were also made in order to provide information concerning the mechanisms involved in the formation of new grains. In contrast to the already published work on titanium, this investigation takes into consideration different values of the cold-work ratio, the temperature and the annealing time.Two different models are commonly used to explain the recrystallization textures i.e. the selective grain growth model (Beck) or the oriented nucleation model (Burgers). The three-dimensional analysis of both the rolling and recrystallization textures was performed to identify the mechanismsl involved in the recrystallization of titanium.
We present a spreadsheet-assisted exercise using Microsoft Excel software for the<br>determination of the universal gas constant, R, in 35,712 different units. This large<br>number of units arises from a simple enumeration of possible pressure-volume unit<br>combinations and energy unit combinations covering SI (metric), Imperial (British), and<br>American units. In turn, various units for force and area used for defining pressure, and<br>various units for force and distance used for defining energy are explored. This<br>presentation serves as an excellent exercise for high school and undergraduate students to<br>master the skill of dimensional analysis, unit conversions, and basic combinatorics in<br>general chemistry and physical chemistry courses. Instructors can also use the described<br>exercise of constructing conversion matrices to train students in how to efficiently use the<br>Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program.
