Trade-offs in Root Form and Function

1997 ◽  
pp. 173-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Eissenstat
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Root Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Native Advertising in Online News: Trade-Offs Among Clicks, Brand Recognition, and Website Trustworthiness

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anocha Aribarg ◽  
Eric M. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Online News ◽  
Editorial Content ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
And Function ◽  
Click Through Rate

Native advertising is a type of online advertising that matches the form and function of the platform on which it appears. In practice, the choice between display and in-feed native advertising presents brand advertisers and online news publishers with conflicting objectives. Advertisers face a trade-off between ad clicks and brand recognition, whereas publishers need to strike a balance between ad clicks and the platform’s trustworthiness. For policy makers, concerns that native advertising confuses customers prompted the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to issue guidelines for disclosing native ads. This research aims to understand how consumers respond to native ads versus display ads and to different styles of native ad disclosures, using randomized online and field experiments combining behavioral clickstream, eye movement, and survey response data. The results show that when the position of an ad on a news page is controlled for, a native ad generates a higher click-through rate because it better resembles the surrounding editorial content. However, a display ad leads to more visual attention, brand recognition, and trustworthiness for the website than a native ad.

A multifunction trade-off has contrasting effects on the evolution of form and function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Corn ◽  
Christopher M Martinez ◽  
Edward D Burress ◽  
Peter C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Kinematic Evolution ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feeding Mechanics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Suction Performance ◽  
Clear Support

Abstract Trade-offs caused by the use of an anatomical apparatus for more than one function are thought to be an important constraint on evolution. However, whether multifunctionality suppresses diversification of biomechanical systems is challenged by recent literature showing that traits more closely tied to trade-offs evolve more rapidly. We contrast the evolutionary dynamics of feeding mechanics and morphology between fishes that exclusively capture prey with suction and multifunctional species that augment this mechanism with biting behaviors to remove attached benthic prey. Diversification of feeding kinematic traits was, on average, over 13.5 times faster in suction feeders, consistent with constraint on biters due to mechanical trade-offs between biting and suction performance. Surprisingly, we found that the evolution of morphology contrasts directly with these differences in kinematic evolution, with significantly faster rates of evolution of head shape in biters. This system provides clear support for an often postulated, but rarely confirmed prediction that multifunctionality stifles functional diversification, while also illustrating the sometimes weak relationship between form and function.

scholarly journals Trade-offs among plant reproductive traits determine interactions with floral visitors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose B. Lanuza ◽  
Romina Rader ◽  
Jamie Stavert ◽  
Liam K. Kendall ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Plant life-history strategies are constrained by cost-benefit trade-offs that determine plant form and function. However, despite recent advances in the understanding of trade-offs for vegetative and physiological traits, little is known about plant reproductive economics and how they constrain plant life-history strategies and shape interactions with floral visitors. Here, we investigate plant reproductive trade-offs and how these drive interactions with floral visitors using a dataset of 17 reproductive traits for 1,506 plant species from 28 plant-pollinator studies across 18 countries. We tested whether a plant's reproductive strategy predicts its interactions with floral visitors and if the different reproductive traits predict the plant's role within the pollination network. We found that over half of all plant reproductive trait variation was explained by two independent axes that encompassed plant form and function. Specifically, the first axis indicated the presence of a trade-off between flower number and flower size, while the second axis indicated a pollinator dependency trade-off. Plant reproductive trade-offs helped explain partly the presence or absence of interactions with floral visitors, but not differences in visitation rate. However, we did find important differences in the interaction level among floral visitor guilds on the different axes of trait variation. Finally, we found that plant size and floral rewards were the most important traits in the understanding of the plant species network role. Our results highlight the importance of plant reproductive trade-offs in determining plant life-history strategies and plant-pollinator interactions in a global context.

Long- and short-term effects of boron excess to root form and function in two tomato genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Polsia Princi ◽  
Antonio Lupini ◽  
Caterina Longo ◽  
Anthony J. Miller ◽  
Francesco Sunseri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Root Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Boron Excess ◽  
Tomato Genotypes ◽  
Short Term Effects

scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male-male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form, and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male-male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans.

scholarly journals The Limits to Adaptation in Restored Ecosystems and How Management Can Help Overcome Them

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Lau ◽  
Susan M. Magnoli ◽  
Chad R. Zirbel ◽  
Lars A. Brudvig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Restored Prairie ◽  
And Function

Adaptation drives the diversity of form and function observed in nature and is key to population persistence. Yet, adaptation can be limited by a lack of genetic variation, trade-offs, small population size, and constraints imposed by coevolving interacting species. These limits may be particularly important to the colonizing populations in restored ecosystems, such as native prairies restored through seed sowing. Here, we discuss how constraints to adaptation are likely to play out in restored prairie ecosystems and how management decisions, such as seed mix composition, prescribed fire, and strategic site selection, might be used to overcome some of these constraints. Although data are still limited, recent work suggests that restored prairie populations likely face strong selection and that promoting the potential for adaptation in these systems may be necessary for restoring populations both now and in the face of further global change.

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