scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male-male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form, and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male-male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans.

scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male–male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male–male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Native Advertising in Online News: Trade-Offs Among Clicks, Brand Recognition, and Website Trustworthiness

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anocha Aribarg ◽  
Eric M. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Online News ◽  
Editorial Content ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
And Function ◽  
Click Through Rate

Native advertising is a type of online advertising that matches the form and function of the platform on which it appears. In practice, the choice between display and in-feed native advertising presents brand advertisers and online news publishers with conflicting objectives. Advertisers face a trade-off between ad clicks and brand recognition, whereas publishers need to strike a balance between ad clicks and the platform’s trustworthiness. For policy makers, concerns that native advertising confuses customers prompted the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to issue guidelines for disclosing native ads. This research aims to understand how consumers respond to native ads versus display ads and to different styles of native ad disclosures, using randomized online and field experiments combining behavioral clickstream, eye movement, and survey response data. The results show that when the position of an ad on a news page is controlled for, a native ad generates a higher click-through rate because it better resembles the surrounding editorial content. However, a display ad leads to more visual attention, brand recognition, and trustworthiness for the website than a native ad.

Robot Emotive Display Systems and the Analogous Physical Features of Emotion

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1344-1348
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Velez ◽  
Florian Jentsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
And Function ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Design Protocol ◽  
Display Systems ◽  
Action Tendencies

Robots are currently utilized by various civilian and military agencies, and are becoming more common in human environments. These machines can vary in form and function, but require an interface supporting naturalistic social interactions. Emotion is a key component of social interaction that conveys states and action tendencies, and standard design protocol is necessary to guide the research and development of emotive display systems so that reliable implementations are supported. This work suggests a framework for conveying emotion based on the analogous physical features of emotive cues and their associations with the dimensions of emotion. Sound, kinesics, and color can be manipulated according to their speed, intensity, regularity, and extent to convey the emotive states of a robot. Combinations of cues can enhance human recognition accuracy of robot emotion, but further research is necessary to understand the extent of these interactions and establish each parameter space.

A multifunction trade-off has contrasting effects on the evolution of form and function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Corn ◽  
Christopher M Martinez ◽  
Edward D Burress ◽  
Peter C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Kinematic Evolution ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feeding Mechanics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Suction Performance ◽  
Clear Support

Abstract Trade-offs caused by the use of an anatomical apparatus for more than one function are thought to be an important constraint on evolution. However, whether multifunctionality suppresses diversification of biomechanical systems is challenged by recent literature showing that traits more closely tied to trade-offs evolve more rapidly. We contrast the evolutionary dynamics of feeding mechanics and morphology between fishes that exclusively capture prey with suction and multifunctional species that augment this mechanism with biting behaviors to remove attached benthic prey. Diversification of feeding kinematic traits was, on average, over 13.5 times faster in suction feeders, consistent with constraint on biters due to mechanical trade-offs between biting and suction performance. Surprisingly, we found that the evolution of morphology contrasts directly with these differences in kinematic evolution, with significantly faster rates of evolution of head shape in biters. This system provides clear support for an often postulated, but rarely confirmed prediction that multifunctionality stifles functional diversification, while also illustrating the sometimes weak relationship between form and function.

scholarly journals Trade-offs among plant reproductive traits determine interactions with floral visitors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose B. Lanuza ◽  
Romina Rader ◽  
Jamie Stavert ◽  
Liam K. Kendall ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Plant life-history strategies are constrained by cost-benefit trade-offs that determine plant form and function. However, despite recent advances in the understanding of trade-offs for vegetative and physiological traits, little is known about plant reproductive economics and how they constrain plant life-history strategies and shape interactions with floral visitors. Here, we investigate plant reproductive trade-offs and how these drive interactions with floral visitors using a dataset of 17 reproductive traits for 1,506 plant species from 28 plant-pollinator studies across 18 countries. We tested whether a plant's reproductive strategy predicts its interactions with floral visitors and if the different reproductive traits predict the plant's role within the pollination network. We found that over half of all plant reproductive trait variation was explained by two independent axes that encompassed plant form and function. Specifically, the first axis indicated the presence of a trade-off between flower number and flower size, while the second axis indicated a pollinator dependency trade-off. Plant reproductive trade-offs helped explain partly the presence or absence of interactions with floral visitors, but not differences in visitation rate. However, we did find important differences in the interaction level among floral visitor guilds on the different axes of trait variation. Finally, we found that plant size and floral rewards were the most important traits in the understanding of the plant species network role. Our results highlight the importance of plant reproductive trade-offs in determining plant life-history strategies and plant-pollinator interactions in a global context.

scholarly journals INTERAKSI SOSIAL PADA KUMPULAN CERPEN POTONGAN CERITA DI KARTU POS KARANGAN AGUS NOOR DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SMA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Rahmah Purwahida
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
And Function

This research aims to describe the form and function of social interaction in six short stories called Potongan Cerita di Kartu Pos by Agus Noor. The qualitative descriptive method is used by using content analysis technique. The results show that: (1) the social interactions in short stories are associative social and dissociative social interactions, the dissociative social interaction is dominant in social interaction; and (2) the embodiment of this social interaction serves as the presence of social life in the society in short story as one of fictions form. Keywords: form, function, social interaction, Potongan Cerita di Kartu Pos   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud dan fungsi interaksi sosial dalam keenam cerpen pada kumpulan cerpen Potongan Cerita di Kartu Pos karangan Agus Noor. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik analisis isi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) wujud interaksi sosial dalam cerpen-cerpen pada kumpulan cerpen ini berupa interaksi sosial asosiatif dan disosiatif, interaksi sosial yang dominan yaitu interaksi sosial disosiatif; dan (2) perwujudan interaksi sosial ini berfungsi sebagai penghadiran kehidupan sosial di masyarakat dalam cerpen sebagai salah satu bentuk fiksi. Kata kunci: wujud, fungsi, interaksi sosial, Potongan Cerita di Kartu Pos

scholarly journals The Limits to Adaptation in Restored Ecosystems and How Management Can Help Overcome Them

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Lau ◽  
Susan M. Magnoli ◽  
Chad R. Zirbel ◽  
Lars A. Brudvig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Restored Prairie ◽  
And Function

Adaptation drives the diversity of form and function observed in nature and is key to population persistence. Yet, adaptation can be limited by a lack of genetic variation, trade-offs, small population size, and constraints imposed by coevolving interacting species. These limits may be particularly important to the colonizing populations in restored ecosystems, such as native prairies restored through seed sowing. Here, we discuss how constraints to adaptation are likely to play out in restored prairie ecosystems and how management decisions, such as seed mix composition, prescribed fire, and strategic site selection, might be used to overcome some of these constraints. Although data are still limited, recent work suggests that restored prairie populations likely face strong selection and that promoting the potential for adaptation in these systems may be necessary for restoring populations both now and in the face of further global change.

The Reaction of a Civil - Religious Hierarchy to a Factory in Guatemala

1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manning Nash
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Endogamous Population ◽  
And Function ◽  
Textile Factory

In the Western Highlands of Guatemala is a series of local Indian communities, each with its own typical costume, its particular economic specialty, its nearly endogamous population, and its position in the rotating market system. The distinctive feature of these Indian social systems is a hierarchy of interrelated civil and religious offices that regulate the public and religious life of the community. The Quichespeaking village of Cantel in the Southwest Highlands, about six miles from Quezaltenango, has a 97 percent Indian population. The villagers still wear distinctive costumes and have a civil-religious hierarchy similar in form and function to that described by Wagley in Chimaltenango and by Tax for Panajachel. For more than 50 years, they have lived in peaceful coexistence with a modern textile factory that has continuously employed about one-fourth of the adult population. But in the last decade the hierarchy has undergone major changes as a result of the local factory workers' union acting as funnel to the community for the national political program of the 1944 revolution. In this article, the writer intends to describe how the factory adjusted to the civil-religious hierarchy for more than half a century, and how, over a period of 10 years, the political revolution as focused in Cantel through the union undermined the hierarchy.

scholarly journals ‘If they weren’t in the Pub, they Probably wouldn’t Even Know each Other’: Alcohol, Sociability and Pub Based Leisure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Thurnell-Read
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Function

Abstract While the form and function of pubs is diverse and has changed over time, there remains an at least notional consensus that the pub plays an important social function by providing a place for people to come together in pleasurable and meaningful social interaction. Drawing on qualitative research involving focus groups with pub goers and interviews with pub staff, this paper examines the forms of sociability that take place in UK pubs. Pubs are shown to be sites for varied social interactions which differ in form, intensity and meaning. This includes regular pub going rooted in customer routines but also occasional pub going linked to a wider range of events and associated leisure activities. A common theme across these forms of pub sociability is the value placed on feelings of social connections provided by different forms of social interaction and sociability which are facilitated by the hospitable atmospheres many pubs offer. Pubs are therefore cast as important sites through which various forms of sociability are enacted and enabled. The article contributes to ongoing debates about the social role of alcohol based leisure practises but also stresses the decentring of intoxication apparent in many of these accounts and, further, indicates an increasing diversification of pub based leisure.

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