The Effect of Varenicline on Smoking and Drinking Outcomes among Black and White Adults with Alcohol Use Disorder and Co-Occurring Cigarette Smoking: A Secondary Analysis of Two Clinical Trials

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS contributes to decreased adherence and effectiveness of antiretroviral medication, decreased help-seeking to HIV/AIDS care and treatment, increased load of the virus in the blood, and development of drug-resistant HIV strains. This study therefore aimed and assessed the pooled evidence on prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use disorder in retroviral infected patients in Africa. Methods We implemented our electronic data base search on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Psych-INFO libraries. In addition, WHO websites and Google scholar were also investigated for grey literatures. Moreover, we further investigated the reference lists of published articles. Stata-11meta-prop package with 95% confidence interval was used. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Cochran's Q- and the I2 test were used to check heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated with Egger's test and funnel plots. Results In this meta-analysis, we included 22 studies with a total of 16774 patients and the pooled prevalence of alcohol use disorder was 22.03%( 95% CI: 17.18, 28.67). The average prevalence of AUD in South Africa (28.77%) was higher than in Uganda (16.61%) and Nigeria (22.8%). Besides, the average prevalence of AUD in studies published before 2011, 2011–2015, and after 2015 was found to be 13.47%, 24.93% and 22.88% respectively. Moreover, the pooled magnitude of AUD among studies which utilized a sample size > 450 was 16.71% whereas it was 26.46% among studies that utilized sample size < 450. Furthermore, the pooled estimated prevalence of hazardous, harmful and dependent drinking was 10.87%, 8.1%, and 3.12% respectively. Being male was an associated factor for alcohol use disorder (AOR = 5.5%; 95% CI: 1.10, 9.98). Moreover, the average odds ratio of cigarette smoking and chat chewing were found to be 3.95% (95% CI: 3.00, 4.89) and 3.34% (95% CI: 1.71, 4.96) respectively. Conclusion The average estimated prevalence of AUD in HIV/AIDs patients was high and factors such as being Male, cigarette smoking and chat chewing were associated with it. Early detection and appropriate management of AUD and the mentioned associated factors have to be a routine practice.

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A Call to Action: A Systematic Review Examining the Failure to Include Females and Members of Minoritized Racial/Ethnic Groups in Clinical Trials of Pharmacological Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research ◽

10.1111/acer.14440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1933-1951

Author(s):

Melissa R. Schick ◽

Nichea S. Spillane ◽

Katherine L. Hostetler

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Pharmacological Treatments ◽

Call To Action ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Diverse types of genomic evidence converge on alcohol use disorder risk genes

Journal of Medical Genetics ◽

10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106490 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 733-743 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yulin Dai ◽

Ruifeng Hu ◽

Guangsheng Pei ◽

Huiping Zhang ◽

Zhongming Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Substance Dependence ◽

Target Genes ◽

Association Studies ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Epigenetic Factors ◽

Glial Cell Proliferation

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common forms of substance use disorders with a strong contribution of genetic (50%–60%) and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of AUD-associated variants, including those in alcohol metabolism genes. These genetic variants may modulate gene expression, making individuals more susceptible to AUD. A long-term alcohol consumption can also change the transcriptome patterns of subjects via epigenetic modulations.MethodsTo explore the interactive effect of genetic and epigenetic factors on AUD, we conducted a secondary analysis by integrating GWAS, CNV, brain transcriptome and DNA methylation data to unravel novel AUD-associated genes/variants. We applied the mega-analysis of OR (MegaOR) method to prioritise AUD candidate genes (AUDgenes).ResultsWe identified a consensus set of 206 AUDgenes based on the multi-omics data. We demonstrated that these AUDgenes tend to interact with each other more frequent than chance expectation. Functional annotation analysis indicated that these AUDgenes were involved in substance dependence, synaptic transmission, glial cell proliferation and enriched in neuronal and liver cells. We obtained a multidimensional evidence that AUD is a polygenic disorder influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors as well as the interaction of them.ConclusionWe characterised multidimensional evidence of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic data in AUD. We found that 206 AUD associated genes were highly expressed in liver, brain cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus and pituitary. Our studies provides important insights into the molecular mechanism of AUD and potential target genes for AUD treatment.

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Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Use among Adolescents and Young Adults with Asthma

Nursing Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2011/503201 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Elizabeth Burgess Dowdell ◽

Michael A. Posner ◽

M. Katherine Hutchinson

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Health Risk ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Risk Behaviors ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Health Risk Behaviors ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Behavior Change Interventions

Asthma is one of the most common, serious chronic diseases in pediatric and young adult populations. Health-risk behaviors, including cigarette smoking and alcohol use, may exacerbate chronic diseases and complicate their management. The aim of this study was to longitudinally analyze rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use in adolescents and young adults who have asthma and those who do not have asthma. A secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was undertaken. Individuals with asthma were found to exhibit increasing rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use as they aged. When an adolescent with a chronic health issue begins health-risk-taking behaviors, behavior change interventions must be planned. Pediatric nurses, practitioners, and clinicians are uniquely positioned to assess for health-risk behaviors in youth with asthma and to intervene with plans of care that are tailored for the needs of this vulnerable population.

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