Tobacco 21 Policies in the U.S.: The Importance of Local Control With Federal Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Page D. Dobbs ◽  
Ginny Chadwick ◽  
Chris M. Dunlap ◽  
Katherine A. White ◽  
Marshall K. Cheney
Keyword(s):  
Local Control ◽  
Federal Policy ◽  
The U.S

Marriage and Federal Police Power

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Police Power ◽  
Interstate Commerce ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Liberal Rights ◽  
The U.S

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the U.S. federal government expanded the scope and extent of its constitutionally enumerated powers in naturalization, Indian policies, and regulation of interstate commerce. In doing so, Congress became more involved with matters of citizenship, both in defining public purposes and national identity. Citizenship had traditionally been a matter for the states, where governance rested on the features of differentiation, jurisdictional autonomy, and local control. The entry of the federal government and the federal constitutional norms of citizenship might have been expected to bring an overarching coherence to the fundamental liberal values that were declared after the Civil War. Under expanded federal power and federal citizenship, however, multiple traditions of both liberal rights of citizenship and illiberal conditions of status continued, and illiberal positions gained new footing.

scholarly journals Regulatory and Policy Analysis of Production, Development and Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Korkut ◽  
Lara B. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Policy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Clean Fuels ◽  
The U.S

The United States, spurred in part by international developments, is expanding its law and policy to incentivize the use of sustainable aviation fuels. While the U.S. has agreed to participate in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), it has only recently adopted federal rules that define greenhouse gas emission reduction standards for certain classes of airplanes (effective January 2021). However, such standards focus on engine efficiency rather than the fuel burned. For sustainable aviation fuels, the U.S. continues to rely on voluntary programs at a federal, state, and regional level. The federal Renewable Fuel Standard program allows producers to opt in. In addition, states have started to allow sustainable aviation fuel producers to “opt in” to their programs; this includes California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Oregon’s Clean Fuels Program, and Washington’s newly adopted Clean Fuels Program. Other states are also starting to consider such programs. Elsewhere, states like Hawaii are starting to support SAF production in other ways, including through tax mechanisms. In addition, regional and private efforts to adopt and/or promote sustainable aviation fuels are underway. This piecemeal approach—due in part to the lack of cohesive U.S. federal policy—stands in contrast to the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive and Emissions Trading System, and adoption of policies by European countries. Because of aviation’s international nature, tracking what is happening in Europe matters greatly for U.S. carriers. As the U.S. works to meet its international obligations through CORSIA, finding a way forward with sustainable aviation fuel in the United States may depend on a more defined federal policy. Actions taken by both the EU and European countries offers some guidance for actions that could be taken by the U.S. Even in the absence of more defined measures, better tracking of voluntary measures is a critical step.

Federal policy, local policy, and green building certifications in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 109700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatobi G. Adekanye ◽  
Alex Davis ◽  
Inês L. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Federal Policy ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
The U.S

Ensuring the Safety of Genotech Drugs Through Implied Warranty Theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 363-387
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Serra
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Federal Policy ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
The U.S

Genotechnology (genotech) is the subset of biotechnology (biotech) dealing with human genetics. Even as a subset, however, genotechnology has a significant effect within the U.S. economy. This impact is partly attributable to the federal government’s efforts to nurture the industry. Although these efforts have contributed to the American genotech industry’s rapid growth, the federal government has not kept pace in the legal and regulatory areas necessary to ensure that genotech drugs are marketed responsibly. In fact, current federal policy has been characterized as “grossly short-sighted.”The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) presently has approved more than thirty genotech drugs for general use. Over 450 more products are currently under development, with at least 120 of those in final testing awaiting FDA approval. Cancer treatment products comprise the largest segment with 114 drugs either under development, pending approval, or finally approved for sale.As sales figures indicate, genotech drugs have already firmly entrenched themselves in the marketplace.

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