Objectives: Previously, we reported that tissue vitamin D (tVD) in the rotator cuff muscle had strong correlation with pre-operative serum vitamin D (sVD). Furthermore, tVD reflected more on the preoperative muscle power. This study was a follow-up study to evaluate correlations of tVD, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and postoperative sVD with rotator cuff muscle performance, fatty degeneration, healing failure, and functional outcomes at 1 year after rotator cuff repair (RCR). Methods: Between March and October in 2017, 36 patients who underwent RCR were prospectively enrolled and 26 patients were followed at 1 year postoperatively and analyzed. tVD was assessed using liquid chromatography, and the VDR was measured by western blotting. sVD was checked preoperatively, 6 months, and 1 year post-operatively. At 1 year after surgery, isokinetic muscle performance test (IMPT), ASES score and Constant score were evaluated, and MRI was used to analyze fatty degeneration and the healing failure. Results: The mean level of sVD at 1 year post-operatively was 20.5 ± 9.2 ng/ml. Only six patients had normal level of sVD (> 20 ng/ml, 23.1%), while 19 patients had insufficiency (10 - 20 ng/ml, 73.0%), and one patient had defi-ciency (< 10 ng/ml, 3.8%). Lower sVD at pre-operatively had lower sVD at 6 months and 1 year post-operatively (all p < 0.05). Higher pre-operative and 1 year post-operative sVD had less deficiency of IMPT in abduction (pre-operative, post-operative; CC; Abduction, -0.324, -0.395, p = 0.047, 0.041, respectively) How-ever, no correlation was found in deficiency of IMPT in ER, IR (pre-operative, post-operative; CC; ER, IR; 0.025, -0.042; p = 0.926, 0.874, respectively; post-operative; CC; ER, IR; -0.250, -0.157; p = 0.333, 0.548, re-spectively). Although, there was no correlation was found between torque of muscle power at 1 year post-operatively with pre- and post-operative sVD (all p > 0.05), higher tVD had higher torque of abduction (CC: 0.440, p = 0.043), and showed tendency of higher torque of external rotation (ER) (CC: 0.335, p = 0.077). There was no correlation of tVD and sVD with functional outcomes, fatty degeneration and re-tear rate (all p > 0.05). VDR showed no correlation with any variables (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: tVD and sVD showed positive correlation with rotator cuff muscle performance at 1 year after RCR. Regarding lower sVD at pre-operatively had lower sVD at 1 year post-operatively, and considering lower sVD had higher deficiency of muscle power, supplementation of vitamin D to these patients with low sVD would enhance rota-tor cuff muscle performance postoperatively.
The effect of tear size and nerve injury on rotator cuff muscle fatty degeneration in a rodent animal model
