Developing an optimal release strategy for the rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Fisher ◽  
Dale M. Woods ◽  
Lincoln Smith ◽  
William L. Bruckart
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Release Strategy

scholarly journals Establishment of the Yellow Starthistle Rust in California: Release, Recovery, and Spread

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale M. Woods ◽  
Alison J. Fisher ◽  
Baldo Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
The State ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Sonoma County ◽  
A Site

The rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis is the first pathogen released for biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). From 2004 to 2006, the pathogen was released at 176 sites in 40 counties throughout the state of California. Release sites were evaluated 1 to 3 months and 1, 2, and, in some cases, 3 years after releases to monitor for reemergence. At 1 to 3 months after inoculation, 58 to 93% of sites had rust infection, depending on the year. After 1, 2, and 3 years, the percentages declined to 19 to 21, 9 to 10, and 3% respectively. Spread was detected at 19% of the sites with rust infection, with an average distance of 21 m (±13.3 standard error). The greatest spread occurred at a site in Sonoma County. At this site, the rust spread to over 37 acres 1 year after it was released and has remained in this area for three seasons. Reemergence 1 and 2 years after inoculations was more likely in Northern (above 40°N) compared with Southern California (below 36°N). In general, reemergence was more likely at lower elevations when release sites were within 150 km of the coast. Overall, the rust has not demonstrated a strong record of persistence based on these observations.

Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) in the Salmon River Canyon of Idaho

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Birdsall ◽  
George P. Markin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Vegetation Monitoring ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
The Past ◽  
Insect Populations

AbstractYellow starthistle is an invasive, annual, spiny forb that, for the past 30 yr has been steadily advancing up the Salmon River Canyon in west central Idaho. In 1994, a decision was made to attempt to manage yellow starthistle by establishing a complex of biological control agents in a containment zone where the weed was most dense. Between 1995 and 1997, six species of seedhead-attacking insects were introduced and successfully established. By 1999, the insects had spread through the entire containment zone. Following this dispersal, a rapid buildup of insect populations occurred, and, since 2003, seed destruction has fluctuated around 90%. Vegetation monitoring plots, however, have shown no consistent decline in the overall population of yellow starthistle, indicating that the amount of seed produced is still sufficient to allow full replacement. However, county weed control personnel, who are responsible for surveying and destroying outlying populations of yellow starthistle beyond the containment zone, report that, during this period, the number of new, isolated pockets of yellow starthistle they are finding has dropped dramatically. This case study discusses how the biological control program partially met the objective of managing yellow starthistle by reducing the rate of advance of this weed in the Salmon River Canyon.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Germination of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis Teliospores from Yellow Starthistle

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Bruckart ◽  
Farivar Eskandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Teliospore Germination

The rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis is a candidate for biological control of yellow starthistle (YST). Part of the risk assessment includes determining if safflower seedlings are susceptible to infection by teliospores of P. jaceae. A protocol for germination of P. jaceae teliospores is needed to verify that teliospores used in comparative studies are viable. The protocol developed from this research has two steps: first, priming teliospores on water agar at 4°C in the dark, and second, incubating them at warmer temperatures for 1 week in the presence of an exogenous stimulator. Priming longer than 4 weeks resulted in significantly greater germination than priming for shorter periods. Sources of effective stimulator included seeds and seedlings of YST or safflower. The greatest germination occurred during incubation at 18°C in the dark. Teliospore germination was reduced after incubation with a 12- or 14-h photoperiod. A low percentage (<20%) of teliospores of two isolates germinated after 44 and 96 weeks of dry storage at room temperature; samples of each isolate tested after that did not germinate. Data indicate teliospores of several isolates of P. jaceae are viable, and the protocol will be used to prepare teliospores of P. jaceae for comparative studies with P. carthami on safflower seedlings.

Chaetorellia australis(Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle,Centaurea solstitialis(Compositae), in the western USA: establishment and seed destruction

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Turner ◽  
G.L. Piper ◽  
E.M. Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Western Usa ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Chaetorellia Australis

AbstractYellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialisLinnaeus) (Compositae), native to Eurasia and the Mediterranean Basin, is a spiny and poisonous, naturalized, invasive weed of grasslands and other environments in the western USA.Chaetorellia australisHering is a trivoltine natural enemy of yellow starthistle whose larvae feed on developing seeds within capitula. Following host-specificity studies in Greece and the USA,C. australiswas first introduced from Greece into the USA in 1988 for the biological control of yellow starthistle. Field samples of yellow starthistle capitula revealed that 10.3% (four years after initial release) and 18.0% (three years after initial release) of capitula at Colfax, Washington, and Merlin, Oregon, respectively, were infested by ≥ 1C. australis(mature larvae or empty puparia). Both sites also contained naturalized, weedy populations of,Centaurea cyanus, a second host-plant ofChaetorellia australis. The fly was also recovered fromCentaurea cyanuscapitula two years after its release at Kendrick, Idaho. The potential importance of the presence ofC. cyanusforChaetorellia australisand biological control of yellow starthistle is discussed. At the Colfax site, all infested yellow starthistle capitula contained 1C. australis, while at the Merlin site 28.8% of infested capitula contained > 1C. australis, with a mean of 1.36C. australisper infested capitulum. A preliminary seed destruction impact study at the Merlin site showed that there was a 83.4% reduction in seeds per capitulum infested by ≥ 1C. australis, and the presence of > 1C. australisresulted in a 95.4% reduction in seeds per infested capitulum.

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