Field efficacy of a mixture of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr vegetative compatibility groups in preventing aflatoxin contamination in maize (Zea mays L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Atehnkeng ◽  
P.S. Ojiambo ◽  
P.J. Cotty ◽  
R. Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Field Efficacy

IMPACT OF HUSK TYPE AND SPECIES OF INFESTING INSECTS ON AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PREHARVEST CORN AT TIFTON, GEORGIA

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. McMillian ◽  
N. W. Widstrom ◽  
D. M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
Dent Corn

The use of plants that resist insects has been suggested as a potential means of reducing aflatoxin contamination in some crops. Dent corn, Zea mays L., germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively tight, complete husk cover and germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively loose, incomplete husk cover on the ear were evaluated for 3 years at Tifton, GA, for aflatoxin contamination. In two of the three test years, corn ears with tight, complete husk cover sustained significantly lower mean amounts of aflatoxin than ears with loose, incomplete husk cover following artificial inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link spores. Ears hand-infested with maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), sustained significantly higher amounts of aflatoxin (329 ng·g−1) than ears infested with fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (80 ng·g−1), European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (71 ng·g−1), or corn earworms Heliothis zea (Boddie) (60 ng·g−1). Overall, ears in the check (inoculated with A. flavus only) sustained significantly lower aflatoxin (37 ng·g−1) amounts than ears from plots supplemented with insects. Although insects were not applied in the check plots, some damage was observed on the ears.

Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn Differs Among Inoculation Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
Hamed K. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Aflatoxin research in corn (Zea mays L.) usually requires application of inoculum of Aspergillus flavus to soil or plant ears. The pin-bar vs. side-needle or spray vs. solid material inoculations using A. flavus isolate F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared in 2004, 2006, and 2007 using three hybrids in two irrigated experiments each year at Stoneville, MS. Both were planted on a silty clay soil in randomized complete block designs with four replications of treatments. Mature ears inoculated by the pin-bar, side-needle, or spray methods were analyzed for aflatoxin. Ears from controls and solid material inoculum treatments were sampled for analysis at plot harvest. Pin-bar inoculation had more aflatoxin in 2004 (551.9 ng/g) and 2006 (305.8 ng/g) than side-needle inoculation (342.2 ng/g and 151.1 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively), which was greater than controls (76.8 ng/g and 21.6 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively). Solid material inoculation did not differ in aflatoxin from controls. Spraying produced the most aflatoxin (344.1 ng/g) only in 2004. Aflatoxin was low in 2007 when timely rainfall, irrigation, and no temperatures ≥ 35°C resulted in only the pin-bar (20.8 ng/g) and solid material (20.6 ng/g) treatments having > 2.0 ng/g of aflatoxin. Accepted for publication 26 March 2010. Published 1 June 2010.

scholarly journals Variation in Competitive Ability Among Isolates of Aspergillus flavus from Different Vegetative Compatibility Groups During Maize Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Mehl ◽  
P. J. Cotty
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Maize Kernels

Aspergillus flavus, the primary causal agent of aflatoxin contamination, includes many genetically diverse vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Competitive ability during infection of living maize kernels was quantified for isolates from 38 VCGs. Kernels were inoculated with both a common VCG, CG136, and another VCG; after 7 days (31°C), conidia were washed from kernels, and aflatoxins and DNA were extracted from kernels and conidia separately. CG136-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms were quantified by pyrosequencing; VCGs co-inoculated with CG136 produced 46 to 85 and 51 to 84% of A. flavus DNA from kernels and conidia, respectively. Co-inoculation with atoxigenic isolates reduced aflatoxin up to 90% and, in some cases, more than predicted by competitive exclusion alone. Conidia contained up to 42 ppm aflatoxin B1, indicating airborne conidia as potentially important sources of environmental exposure. Aflatoxin-producing potential and sporulation were negatively correlated. For some VCGs, sporulation during co-infection was greater than that predicted by kernel infection, suggesting that some VCGs increase dispersal while sacrificing competitive ability during host tissue colonization. The results indicate both life strategy and adaptive differences among A. flavus isolates and provide a basis for selection of biocontrol strains with improved competitive ability, sporulation, and aflatoxin reduction on target hosts.

scholarly journals Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates Endemic to Almond, Fig, and Pistachio Orchards in California with Potential to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in these Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ortega-Beltran ◽  
Juan Moral ◽  
Adeline Picot ◽  
Ryan D. Puckett ◽  
Peter J. Cotty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Tree Crops ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Single Genotype ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation

In California, aflatoxin contamination of almond, fig, and pistachio has become a serious problem in recent years due to long periods of drought and probably other climatic changes. The atoxigenic biocontrol product Aspergillus flavus AF36 has been registered for use to limit aflatoxin contamination of pistachio since 2012 and for use in almond and fig since 2017. New biocontrol technologies employ multiple atoxigenic genotypes because those provide greater benefits than using a single genotype. Almond, fig, and pistachio industries would benefit from a multi-strain biocontrol technology for use in these three crops. Several A. flavus vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) associated with almond, fig, and pistachio composed exclusively of atoxigenic isolates, including the VCG to which AF36 belongs to, YV36, were previously characterized in California. Here, we report additional VCGs associated with either two or all three crops. Representative isolates of 12 atoxigenic VCGs significantly (P < 0.001) reduced (>80%) aflatoxin accumulation in almond and pistachio when challenged with highly toxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus under laboratory conditions. Isolates of the evaluated VCGs, including AF36, constitute valuable endemic, well-adapted, and efficient germplasm to design a multi-crop, multi-strain biocontrol strategy for use in tree crops in California. Availability of such a strategy would favor long-term atoxigenic A. flavus communities across the affected areas of California, and this would result in securing domestic and export markets for the nut crop and fig farmer industries and, most importantly, health benefits to consumers.

scholarly journals PROTECCIÓN CONTRA ESTRÉS BIÓTICO INDUCIDA POR QUITOSÁN EN PLÁNTULAS DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-827
Author(s):  
Eva Guadalupe Lizárraga-Paulín ◽  
Irineo Torres-Pacheco ◽  
Ernesto Moreno-Martínez ◽  
Susana Patricia Miranda-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Los Grupos

El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cultivo importante en México, que es a menudo afectado por la presencia de hongos patógenos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto protector del quitosán en plántulas de maíz sometidas a estrés biótico. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, durante 2008. Para cumplir el objetivo, después de algunas pruebas de calidad, tres grupos de semillas fueron sometidos por separado a los ataques de Aspergillus flavus y Fusarium moniliforme. Un primer grupo fue considerado como testigo positivo, otro fue recubierto con solución de quitosán y un último grupo fue dañado mecánicamente antes de la aplicación del biopolímero. Durante cinco semanas, el crecimiento de las plántulas se evaluó midiendo la longitud total, longitud de las hojas, de los tallos y el grosor de estos. No hubo incremento significativo en el tamaño de las plántulas, provenientes de semillas recubiertas con quitosán al compararse con el resto de los grupos; sin embargo, la ausencia de enfermedades en las plántulas tratadas con el biopolímero fue evidente. En la quinta semana de crecimiento, las estructuras foliares de las plántulas se sembraron en agar PDA, para determinar la presencia de los hongos estresantes. Se encontró que las hojas provenientes de las semillas tratadas con quitosán, desarrollaron carga fúngica nula, lo que sugiere que el quitosán actúa como un activador de mecanismos de defensa en plántulas de maíz, impidiendo la infección por los hongos patógenos utilizados.

Dusky Sap Beetle Mediated Dispersal of Bacillus subtilis to Inhibit Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Maize Zea mays L.

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK F. DOWD ◽  
FERNANDO E. VEGA ◽  
TERRY C. NELSEN ◽  
JOHN L. RICHARD
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Sap Beetle
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