scholarly journals PROTECCIÓN CONTRA ESTRÉS BIÓTICO INDUCIDA POR QUITOSÁN EN PLÁNTULAS DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-827
Author(s):  
Eva Guadalupe Lizárraga-Paulín ◽  
Irineo Torres-Pacheco ◽  
Ernesto Moreno-Martínez ◽  
Susana Patricia Miranda-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Los Grupos

El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cultivo importante en México, que es a menudo afectado por la presencia de hongos patógenos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto protector del quitosán en plántulas de maíz sometidas a estrés biótico. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, durante 2008. Para cumplir el objetivo, después de algunas pruebas de calidad, tres grupos de semillas fueron sometidos por separado a los ataques de Aspergillus flavus y Fusarium moniliforme. Un primer grupo fue considerado como testigo positivo, otro fue recubierto con solución de quitosán y un último grupo fue dañado mecánicamente antes de la aplicación del biopolímero. Durante cinco semanas, el crecimiento de las plántulas se evaluó midiendo la longitud total, longitud de las hojas, de los tallos y el grosor de estos. No hubo incremento significativo en el tamaño de las plántulas, provenientes de semillas recubiertas con quitosán al compararse con el resto de los grupos; sin embargo, la ausencia de enfermedades en las plántulas tratadas con el biopolímero fue evidente. En la quinta semana de crecimiento, las estructuras foliares de las plántulas se sembraron en agar PDA, para determinar la presencia de los hongos estresantes. Se encontró que las hojas provenientes de las semillas tratadas con quitosán, desarrollaron carga fúngica nula, lo que sugiere que el quitosán actúa como un activador de mecanismos de defensa en plántulas de maíz, impidiendo la infección por los hongos patógenos utilizados.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF A BIO-ASSAY OF ETHER EXTRACTS FROM CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) AS A MEANS OF SCREENING INBREDS FOR RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND STALK ROT

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Whitney ◽  
C. G. Mortimore
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Fungus Growth ◽  
Bio Assay

In bio-assay tests ether extracts of the roots and of the stalks of both resistant and susceptible corn inbreds inhibited the growth of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. and Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, the level of inhibition varying over the season. However, the extracts of the resistant and susceptible inbreds did not differ consistently in their ability to inhibit fungus growth on any given date. Thus, this bio-assay method cannot be used to evaluate inbreds for resistance to root and stalk rot.

scholarly journals Preparación y Usos de la Harina de Maíz en Antojitos Regionales en el Municipio de Escárcega, Campeche, México

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (37) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Cecilia Del Jesús López Velasco ◽  
Arianna Del Ángel Pacheco May ◽  
Bibiana Piedra Vázquez ◽  
Maximiliano Vanoye Eligio
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Southern State ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right ◽  
Corn Masa ◽  
The City ◽  
Los Grupos

Corn, as it is said in Mexico (Zea mays L.) is an annual grass native to America, specifically from the central-western region of Mexico. There is a great diversity of varieties of corn. Ethnic groups and farmers have selected this crop for thousands of years for different uses, and have created and preserved the right types of corn for specialized uses. Based on all of the above, the objective of this research was to identify the processes of the preparation of corn flour (masa) and its uses in the gastronomy of the southern state of Campeche, Mexico. In order to achieve the research, a total of 28 establishments were visited, 10 dedicated to the production of corn flour (masa) and 18 focused on the preparation of regional snacks based on corn masa. Basically two ways of preparing corn flour were observed. Similarly, for the preparation of the dough to make regional snacks, four styles were identified. In the city of Escárcega 14 different types of regional snacks are sold. Fried or comal empanadas are the ones in greatest demand. The south of the state of Campeche presents a gastronomic wealth in the preparation of regional snacks, since it has influences from the central and southern communities of Mexico, so it is important to consider the area as an area rich in its gastronomy. El maíz, como se dice en México (Zea mays L.) es una gramínea anual originaria de América, concretamente de la región centro Occidente de México. Existe una gran diversidad de variedades de maíz. Los grupos étnicos y agricultores han seleccionado este cultivo por miles de años para diferentes usos, y han creado y conservado los tipos adecuados de maíz para usos especializados. Con base en todo lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar los procesos de la preparación de la harina de maíz (masa) y sus usos en la gastronomía del sur del estado de Campeche, México. Para el logro de la investigación se visitaron en total 28 establecimientos, 10 dedicados a la elaboración de la harina de maíz (masa) y 18 enfocadas a la preparación de antojitos regionales a base de masa de maíz. Se observaron básicamente dos formas de preparar harina de maíz. De igual forma para la preparación de la masa para elaborar antojitos regionales fueron identificados cuatro estilos. En la ciudad de Escárcega se comercializan 14 tipos diferentes de antojitos regionales. Las empanadas fritas o al comal son las de mayor demanda. El sur del estado de Campeche presenta una riqueza gastronómica en la preparación de antojitos regionales, ya que presenta influencias de comunidades centro y sur de México, por lo que es importante considerar al área como una zona rica en su gastronomía.

scholarly journals Padrões de deficiência hídrica para a cultura de milho (safra normal e safrinha) no estado de Goiás e suas conseqüencias para o melhoramento genético

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bryan Heinemann ◽  
Camilo de Lelis Teixeira de Andrade ◽  
Reinaldo Lúcio Gomide ◽  
André de O. Amorim ◽  
Rosidalva Lopes da Paz
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Para Determinar

Deficiência hídrica é considerada a maior restrição na produção e estabilidade da produtividade de culturas em muitas regiões do mundo. No Estado de Goiás, região na qual predomina a produção em sequeiro, para a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) implantada na safra normal e na safrinha, é comum sofrer períodos de estresse por deficiência hídrica intermitente ou terminal, que reduzem o rendimento de grãos. No processo de desenvolvimento de novos híbridos e variedades cultivadas, genótipos são selecionados em função de sua adaptabilidade em um determinado ambiente alvo. Assim, programas de melhoramento vegetal, com o objetivo de desenvolver híbridos e variedades cultivadas mais adaptados a um determinado ambiente, requerem informações sob a probabilidade de ocorrência dos diferentes tipos de deficiência hídrica, como também, suas características, intensidade e tempo, em função da fase fenológica da cultura. Um modelo de simulação de culturas foi utilizado para determinar os padrões de deficiência hídrica no estado de Goiás, considerando 12 locais e 6 diferentes datas de semeadura para a cultura do milho semeada na safra normal e na safrinha. Para a cultura do milho semeado na safra normal, a perda na produtividade decorrente do estresse por deficiência hídrica foi menor que 50%, sendo que os tipos de deficiência hídrica que provocam um maior impacto na produtividade iniciam-se no começo do período reprodutivo. Para o milho semeado na safrinha, a perda na produtividade é superior a 50%, sendo mais comum o estresse terminal, que tem sua maior intensidade no enchimento de grãos.

IMPACT OF HUSK TYPE AND SPECIES OF INFESTING INSECTS ON AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PREHARVEST CORN AT TIFTON, GEORGIA

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. McMillian ◽  
N. W. Widstrom ◽  
D. M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
Dent Corn

The use of plants that resist insects has been suggested as a potential means of reducing aflatoxin contamination in some crops. Dent corn, Zea mays L., germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively tight, complete husk cover and germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively loose, incomplete husk cover on the ear were evaluated for 3 years at Tifton, GA, for aflatoxin contamination. In two of the three test years, corn ears with tight, complete husk cover sustained significantly lower mean amounts of aflatoxin than ears with loose, incomplete husk cover following artificial inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link spores. Ears hand-infested with maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), sustained significantly higher amounts of aflatoxin (329 ng·g−1) than ears infested with fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (80 ng·g−1), European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (71 ng·g−1), or corn earworms Heliothis zea (Boddie) (60 ng·g−1). Overall, ears in the check (inoculated with A. flavus only) sustained significantly lower aflatoxin (37 ng·g−1) amounts than ears from plots supplemented with insects. Although insects were not applied in the check plots, some damage was observed on the ears.

Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn Differs Among Inoculation Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
Hamed K. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Aflatoxin research in corn (Zea mays L.) usually requires application of inoculum of Aspergillus flavus to soil or plant ears. The pin-bar vs. side-needle or spray vs. solid material inoculations using A. flavus isolate F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared in 2004, 2006, and 2007 using three hybrids in two irrigated experiments each year at Stoneville, MS. Both were planted on a silty clay soil in randomized complete block designs with four replications of treatments. Mature ears inoculated by the pin-bar, side-needle, or spray methods were analyzed for aflatoxin. Ears from controls and solid material inoculum treatments were sampled for analysis at plot harvest. Pin-bar inoculation had more aflatoxin in 2004 (551.9 ng/g) and 2006 (305.8 ng/g) than side-needle inoculation (342.2 ng/g and 151.1 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively), which was greater than controls (76.8 ng/g and 21.6 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively). Solid material inoculation did not differ in aflatoxin from controls. Spraying produced the most aflatoxin (344.1 ng/g) only in 2004. Aflatoxin was low in 2007 when timely rainfall, irrigation, and no temperatures ≥ 35°C resulted in only the pin-bar (20.8 ng/g) and solid material (20.6 ng/g) treatments having > 2.0 ng/g of aflatoxin. Accepted for publication 26 March 2010. Published 1 June 2010.

FUNGAL COLONIZATION AND ZEARALENONE ACCUMULATION IN MAIZE EARS INJURED BY BIRDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. SUTTON ◽  
W. BALIKO ◽  
H.J. LIU
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Agelaius Phoeniceus ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Development

Relationships of depredation by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and simulated bird injury to fungal development, zearalenone accumulation, yield and protein in maize (Zea mays L.) ears were examined. Natural and simulated bird injury were inflicted when the kernels were at the milk or soft-dough stages of development. Both treatments predisposed kernels to fungal colonization. In noninjured maize, fungi proliferated on few kernels of only a few ears. However, in injured maize, injured kernels were colonized rapidly by weakly aggressive fungi and noninjured kernels were colonized frequently and often extensively by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Loosening and shredding of husks was a factor in predisposition to fungal growth. The mycotoxin zearalenone was found (0.5–7.0 μg/g dried kernels) in ears injured by birds or artificially, but not in noninjured ears. Yields of dried kernels in injured ears generally declined with increased natural or simulated bird injury, but often there was compensatory growth of noninjured kernels in injured ears. Crude protein usually constituted a higher percentage of kernel dry matter in injured ears than in noninjured ears.

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