scholarly journals Long-Range Force Transmission in Fibrous Matrices Enabled by Tension-Driven Alignment of Fibers

2014 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 2592-2603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Wang ◽  
A.S. Abhilash ◽  
Christopher S. Chen ◽  
Rebecca G. Wells ◽  
Vivek B. Shenoy
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Range Force ◽  
Fibrous Matrices

scholarly journals Collagen, stiffness, and adhesion: the evolutionary basis of vertebrate mechanobiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (17) ◽  
pp. 1823-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian W. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Mechanics ◽  
Stress Fibers ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Force Propagation ◽  
Extracellular Environment ◽  
Range Force

The emergence of collagen I in vertebrates resulted in a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the extracellular environment, supporting long-range force propagation and the development of low-compliant tissues necessary for the development of vertebrate traits including pressurized circulation and renal filtration. Vertebrates have also evolved integrins that can bind to collagens, resulting in the generation of higher tension and more efficient force transmission in the extracellular matrix. The stiffer environment provides an opportunity for the vertebrates to create new structures such as the stress fibers, new cell types such as endothelial cells, new developmental processes such as neural crest delamination, and new tissue organizations such as the blood–brain barrier. Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanisms as well as the design of novel strategies that can better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates. These innovations collectively contribute to novel morphogenetic behaviors and unprecedented increases in the complexities of tissue mechanics and functions.

scholarly journals Long Range Force Transmission in Fibrous Matrices Enabled by Tension-Driven Alignment of Fibers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Wang ◽  
A.S. Abhilash ◽  
Christopher S. Chen ◽  
Rebecca G. Wells ◽  
Vivek B. Shenoy
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Collagen Fiber ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Collagen Matrices ◽  
Fiber Alignment ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Range Force ◽  
Collagen Fiber Alignment

AbstractCells can sense and respond to mechanical signals over relatively long distances across fibrous extracellular matrices. Recently proposed models suggest that long-range force transmission can be attributed to the nonlinear elasticity or fibrous nature of collagen matrices, yet the mechanism whereby fibers align remains unknown. Moreover, cell shape and anisotropy of cellular contraction are not considered in existing models, although recent experiments have shown that they play crucial roles. Here, we explore all of the key factors that influence long-range force transmission in cell-populated collagen matrices: alignment of collagen fibers, responses to applied force, strain stiffening properties of the aligned fibers, aspect ratios of the cells, and the polarization of cellular contraction. A constitutive law accounting for mechanically-driven collagen fiber reorientation is proposed. We systematically investigate the range of collagen fiber alignment using both finite element simulations and analytical calculations. Our results show that tension-driven collagen fiber alignment plays a crucial role in force transmission. Small critical stretch for fiber alignment, large fiber stiffness and fiber strain-hardening behavior enable long-range interaction. Furthermore, the range of collagen fiber alignment for elliptical cells with polarized contraction is much larger than that for spherical cells with diagonal contraction. A phase diagram showing the range of force transmission as a function of cell shape and polarization and matrix properties is presented. Our results are in good agreement with recent experiments, and highlight the factors that influence long-range force transmission, in particular tension-driven alignment of fibers. Our work has important relevance to biological processes including development, cancer metastasis and wound healing, suggesting conditions whereby cells communicate over long distances.

KINETIC EQUATION FOR A GAS WITH LONG-RANGE ATTRACTION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 3555-3567 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Elliott ◽  
Luis de Sobrino
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Equation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Perturbation Expansion ◽  
Interparticle Distance ◽  
Range Interaction ◽  
Short Range Repulsion ◽  
Self Consistent Field ◽  
Range Force

A classical gas whose particles interact through a weak long-range attraction and a strong short-range repulsion is studied. The Liouville equation is solved as an infinite-order perturbation expansion. The terms in this series are classified by Prigogine-type diagrams according to their order in the ratio of the range of the interaction to the average interparticle distance. It is shown that, provided the range of the short-range force is much less than the average interparticle distance which, in turn, is much less than the range of the long-range force, the terms can be grouped into two classes. The one class, represented by chain diagrams, constitutes the significant contributions of the short-range interaction; the other, represented by ring diagrams, makes up, apart from a self-consistent field term, the significant contributions from the long-range force. These contributions are summed to yield a kinetic equation. The orders of magnitude of the terms in this equation are compared for various ranges of the parameters of the system. Retaining only the dominant terms then produces a set of eight kinetic equations, each of which is valid for a definite range of the parameters of the system.

scholarly journals Fractional Dp-branes with transverse and tangential dynamics in the presence of background fluxes

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (18n19) ◽  
pp. 1850107
Author(s):  
Shiva Heidarian ◽  
Davoud Kamani
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Gauge Potential ◽  
Boundary States ◽  
Range Force

We shall construct two boundary states which are corresponding to a dynamical fractional D[Formula: see text]-brane in the presence of the fluxes of the Kalb–Ramond field and a [Formula: see text] gauge potential in the partially orbifold space–time [Formula: see text]. These states accurately describe the D[Formula: see text]-brane in the twisted and untwisted sectors under the orbifold projection. We use them to compute the interaction of two parallel fractional D[Formula: see text]-branes with the transverse velocities, tangential rotations and tangential linear motions. Various properties of the interaction, such as its long-range force, will be discussed.

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