Abstract
The accelerated expansion of the universe has been established through observations of supernovae, the growth of structure, and the cosmic microwave background. The most popular explanation is Einsteins cosmological constant, or dynamic variations hereof. A recent paper demonstrated that if dark matter particles are endowed with a repulsive force proportional to the internal velocity dispersion of galaxies, then the corresponding acceleration of the universe may follow that of a cosmological constant fairly closely. However, no such long-range force is known to exist. A concrete example of such a force is derived here, by equipping the dark matter particles with two new dark charges. This result lends support to the possibility that the current acceleration of the universe may be explained without the need for a cosmological constant.
A liquid crystal (LC) layer that is too thick exhibits a small terahertz birefringence due to the limited long-range force of the alignment layers that exert on it. An LC layer that is too thin has a small terahertz birefringence due to its invisibility to incident terahertz waves. Therefore, an LC layer may have a large terahertz birefringence at a specific thickness. It is well known that the birefringence of an LC layer dominates the shift of the resonance frequency of the metamaterial imbedded into the LC layer. As a result, this work studies the effect of the thicknesses of LC layers on the shift of the resonance frequencies of metamaterials. LC layers with various thicknesses ranging from 310 µm to 1487 µm are deposited on terahertz metamaterials, and each of the layers is aligned by two polyimide layers that are rubbed in a direction. The terahertz metamaterials have a maximum frequency shifting range of 21 GHz as 710 µm thick LC layers with mutually orthogonal rubbing directions are deposited on them. The maximum frequency shifting range arises from the competition between the long-range force of the polyimide layers and the interaction between the LC layers and their incident terahertz waves.
The non - accelerator observation of the long - range strong nuclear interaction is presented. We have studied the low - temperature spectra (reflection and luminescence) of the LiH (without strong interaction in hydrogen nucleus) and LiD (with strong interaction in deuterium nucleus) crystals which are different by term of one neutron from each other. The experimental observation of isotopic shift (103 meV) of the phononless free excitons emission line in LiD crystals is a direct manifestation of the long - range strong nuclear interaction. Such conclusion is made to the fact that the gravitation, electromagnetic and weak interactions are the same in both kind crystals, it only emerges the strong interaction in deuterium nucleus. As far as Born - Oppenheimer approximation does not work in isotope effect, we tentative connect our experimental observation with long - range hadron - lepton interaction. Most important study of the LiHx D1-x mixed crystals is the first measurement of the long - range force dependence of strong nuclear interaction on the distance between nucleons in deuterium nucleus
The emergence of collagen I in vertebrates resulted in a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the extracellular environment, supporting long-range force propagation and the development of low-compliant tissues necessary for the development of vertebrate traits including pressurized circulation and renal filtration. Vertebrates have also evolved integrins that can bind to collagens, resulting in the generation of higher tension and more efficient force transmission in the extracellular matrix. The stiffer environment provides an opportunity for the vertebrates to create new structures such as the stress fibers, new cell types such as endothelial cells, new developmental processes such as neural crest delamination, and new tissue organizations such as the blood–brain barrier. Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanisms as well as the design of novel strategies that can better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates. These innovations collectively contribute to novel morphogenetic behaviors and unprecedented increases in the complexities of tissue mechanics and functions.
Abstract
It is inferred that, in addition to the Coulomb and Newtonian forces, there should exist a third fundamental long-range force, which acts between intrinsic angular momenta. This inference is based on the quantum Einstein gravity, that is, the manifestly-covariant, BRS-invariant, canonically quantized theory of general relativity. The form of the potential of the third fundamental long-range force is determined by calculating the non-relativistic limit of the Bethe–Salpeter kernel in the lowest-order perturbation theory. The observability of this force is also discussed.
A Capacitive and Piezoresistive Hybrid Sensor for Long‐Distance Proximity and Wide‐Range Force Detection in Human–Robot Collaboration
