Analysis of the Acoustic Propagation Parameters of the Natural Sounds of Delphinapterus leucas and Odorrana tormota Fundamental in the Startle of the Female Anopheles Gambiae

AbstractAcoustics of varied frequency ranges generated naturally by animals or artificially by electronic devices have shown startle effect to insects. It has been shown that mosquitoes use the reactive near-field in antennae communication with negative phonotaxis in maleAedes diantaeusevoked by low frequency acoustic signals of a carrier frequency 140–200 Hz. Also, studies with the 35-60 kHzOdorrana tormotasound recorded a 46 % repellence in femaleAnopheles gambiae, the malaria vectors. Declining malaria morbidity and mortality is attributed to current vector and pathogen interventions. However, the rate of decline in malaria morbidity and mortality is impeded by buildup of resistance in pathogens and vectors to chemicals. This study therefore characterised animal sounds essential for further investigation in the control of malaria through mosquito startle. The research determined, analysed and compared the acoustic propagation parameters of the recorded natural sounds of the maleAnopheles gambiae, femaleAnopheles gambiaeandOdorrana tormotausing Avisoft SASLAB Pro and Raven Pro 1.5. All sounds were observed to have frequency modulation with harmonics stretching to ultrasonic levels. Uniquesly, the sound ofO. tormotashowed constant frequency modulation. The pupae ofA. gambiaewere reared in vials quarter filled with water and covered with a net at 60-80 % humidity, 25±2 °C temperature and equal light-darkness hour cycle at Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) entomology laboratories. The parameters showed a significant deference in fundamental frequency (maximum entire), Peak amplitude (maximum), peak amplitude (mean), Peak amplitude (mean entire) and peak amplitude (maximum entire) of the sound of maleA. gambiaeandO. tormota(p < 0.05). The maximum frequency (minimum entire) of both sexes ofA. gambiaewas equal (1.90 kHz) with variability being observed in maximum frequency (end), maximum frequency (maximum), maximum frequency (mean), maximum frequency (maximum entire) and maximum frequency (mean entire). Frequency (maximum). A paired samples t-test comparison of the maximum frequency (mean), maximum frequency (maximum), maximum frequency (end), maximum frequency (maximum entire) and maximum frequency (mean entire) of the sound of the femaleA. gambiaeand maleA. gambiaeindicated no significant difference between the sounds (p > 0.05). The maximum frequency (mean) of the sounds of both sexes ofA. gambiaecorrelated highly negative (r = −0.658). The bandwidth (end), bandwidth (maximum), bandwidth (maximum entire), peak amplitude (mean) and bandwidth (mean entire) of the sound of the male compared with femaleA. gambiaediffered significantly. The signal power for the non-pulsate sounds of the maleA. gambiaeremained almost constant at 80 dB from 10 kHz to 65 kHz beyond which the acoustic energy declining to 45 dB. Also, the sounds of the femaleA. gambiaedid not exhibit any spikes in power but remained steady at 85 dB from 10 kHz up to 60 kHz beyond which the acoustic energy declined to 50 dB. The signal power of the pulsate sound ofO. tormotawas 89 dB. The propagation parameters of the male mosquito and O. tormota compared favourably indicating its potential in the startle of the female mosquito.The author summaryPhilip Amuyunzu Mang’are is a PhD. Physics student in Egerton University. He has authored many papers and books. He is currently a Lecturer of Physics (Electronics), Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He is a member of the Biophysical Society and the current President of Biophysical society (Kenya). Prof. Ndiritu F. Gichuki, is a Professor of Physics Egerton University. Currently he is the Registrar Academic Affairs in Chuka University. His vast experience has seen him supervise many postgraduate students who have taken key positions in the society. Prof. Samwel Rotich is a Profesor of Physics in Moi University specialising in Electronics. He has a wide experience in Physics and Biophysics. He is a registered member of the Biophysical Society and the Patron of Biophysical Society Kenya Chapter. He has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Makatiani Kubochi is a Lecturer in Moi University with vast experience in entomology. She has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Rapando Bernard Wakhu is a renown theoretical Physicist with experience in acoustics and Fourier analysis based in Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He has supervised many postgraduate students and published many papers.

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Critical analysis of the mosquito repellency evoked by the 10-34 kHz recorded animal sounds: The case of the African female A. gambiae s.s

10.1101/841387 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Philip Amuyunzu Mang’are ◽

Francis Ndiritu Gichuki ◽

Samwel Rotich ◽

Jacqueline K. Makatiani ◽

Bernard Rapando Wakhu

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Blood Meal ◽

Science And Technology ◽

Delphinapterus Leucas ◽

Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽

Male And Female ◽

Postgraduate Students ◽

Biophysical Society ◽

Male Mosquito ◽

Protection Index

AbstractAnimals sounds have been mimicked in electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) and exploited as a tool in the control of malaria by targeting the vector, the female Anopheles gambiae s.s. The claimed mosquito repellency of 30.3 % due to Anti-Pic®, an electronic mosquito repellent, had failed to be confirmed in subsequent studies. However, studies on mosquito startle based on initial behavioural activities without an attractant yielded 34.12 % repellency elicited by the 10-34 kHz recorded sound of O. tormota. Other malaria intervention measures involving the use of chemicals have been impeded by the pathogen and vector resistance hence slowing down the rate of decline of malaria morbidity and mortality. The research thus focused on the analytical study of the African female A. gambiae s.s repellency evoked by the 10-34 kHz recorded animal sound of male mosquito, Anopheles gambiae and Delphinapterus leucas. Landing rates and behavioural startle responses of the mated female A. gambiae on food attractant evoked by the individual sound of the male mosquito, A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas were determined and analysed. The male and female A. gambiae were bred and reared under controlled laboratory conditions of 60-80 % humidity, 25±2 °C temperature with equal light-darkness hour cycle in KEMRI, entomology laboratories. Isolation of the male and female mosquitoes from a swarm was based on physical features and affinity to blood meal. The sounds of O. tormota and D. leucas were acquired and the sound of the male A. gambiae were recorded from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) entomology laboratory, Kisumu. The sounds were filtered into 10-34 kHz frequency band and analysed using Avisoft-SAS LAB Pro version 5.2 and Raven Pro 1.5 software. The sound of O. tormota was also studied. A fighto-Y glass cage well designed into control, neutral and treatment chambers was used in the study. Both control and treatment chambers were connected to blood meal maintained at 38.60°C. The treatment cage was also connected to the source of sound and a swarm of 50 female mosquitoes into the neutral cage and observed for 1,200 s. The sounds of the A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas yielded 2.10, 2.20 and 3.00 landings/minute respectively associated with adverse behaviour. The protection index (PI) anchored on the number of mosquitoes that landed, probed and fed on the blood meal in the treatment and neutral cage for the sounds of the A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas was 42.73 %, 40.24 % and 10.64 % respectively. The sound of the A. gambiae was characterised by steady and minimally dipped pulsate acoustic power with wide bandwidth. The protection index achieved by the sound of the male A. gambiae did not differ significantly from the sound of O. tormota (0.1740 > 0.05), though differed significantly from the sound emitted from the Anti-Pic® EMR (p = 5.3440 x 10−5).The author summaryPhilip Amuyunzu Mang’are is a PhD. Physics student in Egerton University. He has authored many papers and books. He is currently a Lecturer of Physics (Electronics), Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He is a member of the Biophysical Society and the current President of Biophysical society (Kenya). Prof. Ndiritu F. Gichuki, is a Professor of Physics Egerton University. Currently he is the Registrar Academic Affairs in Chuka University. His vast experience has seen him supervise many postgraduate students who have taken key positions in the society. Prof. Samwel Rotich is a Profesor of Physics in Moi University specialising in Electronics. He has a wide experience in Physics and Biophysics. He is a registered member of the Biophysical Society and the Patron of Biophysical Society Kenya Chapter. He has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Makatiani Kubochi is a Lecturer in Moi University with vast experience in entomology. She has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Rapando Bernard Wakhu is a renown theoretical Physicist with experience in acoustics and Fourier analysis based in Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He has supervised many postgraduate students and published many papers.

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