scholarly journals Pooling of effect estimates obtained from various study designs in systematic reviews of public health interventions: A Bayesian approach to meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Melissa Glenda Lewis ◽  
Vasudeva Guddattu ◽  
Asha Kamath ◽  
Seena Biju ◽  
Judith Noronha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Study Designs

scholarly journals It's in your hands: the value of handsearching in conducting systematic reviews of public health interventions

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Armstrong ◽  
N. Jackson ◽  
J. Doyle ◽  
E. Waters ◽  
F. Howes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions

scholarly journals An overview of systematic reviews of economic evaluations of pharmacy-based public health interventions: addressing methodological challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzete Costa ◽  
Maria Cary ◽  
Dennis K. Helling ◽  
João Pereira ◽  
Céu Mateus
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Overview Of Systematic Reviews ◽  
Pharmacy Interventions

Abstract Background Pharmacy interventions are a subset of public health interventions and its research is usually performed within the scope of a trial. The economic evaluation of pharmacy interventions requires certain considerations which have some similarities to those of public health interventions and to economic evaluations alongside trials. The objective of this research is to perform an overview of systematic reviews of economic evaluations of pharmacy services and triangulate results with recommendations for economic evaluations of both public health interventions and alongside trials. Methods (1) Exploratory review of recommendations on the economic evaluation of public health interventions, (2) exploratory review of recommendations for conducting economic evaluations alongside trials, (3) overview of systematic reviews of economic evaluations of pharmacy interventions (protocol registered with PROSPERO 2016 outlining information sources, inclusion criteria, appraisal of reviews and synthesis methods). Results Fourteen systematic reviews containing 75 index publications were included. Reviews reported favorable economic findings for 71% of studies with full economic evaluations. The types of economic analysis are diverse. Two critical quality domains are absent from most reviews. Key findings include the following: certain types of risk of bias, wider scope of study designs, and most economic quality criteria met but some issues unresolved or unclear. Triangulation revealed additional gaps. Limitations include choice of critical quality domains and potential biases in the overview process. Conclusions Economic evaluations of pharmacy-based public health interventions seem to follow most economic quality criteria, but there are still some issues in certain key areas to improve. These findings may assist in improving the design of pilot trials of economic evaluations in pharmacy, leading to robust evidence for payers. Based on the findings, we propose a methodological approach for the economic evaluation of pharmacy-based public health interventions. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42016032768

scholarly journals Reducing stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19: early stage pandemic rapid review and practical recommendations

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Gronholm ◽  
M. Nosé ◽  
W. H. van Brakel ◽  
J. Eaton ◽  
B. Ebenso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Stigma And Discrimination ◽  
Evidence Summary ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims To develop recommendations for strategies and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), through reviewing and synthesising evidence in relation to COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks and infectious/stigmatised conditions from systematic reviews and primary studies and recommendations from additional materials. Methods Rapid review, drawing on the World Health Organization's (WHO) methodology for developing interim guidelines during health emergencies. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central and Campbell Collaboration searched up to mid-April 2020. Searches were supplemented by reference-searching and expert recommendations. Searches were designed to identify: (1) systematic reviews (<10 years), or (2) primary intervention studies (no date limit) reporting evidence on anti-stigma interventions (in relation to COVID-19 or other infectious/stigmatised conditions) or (3) additional relevant materials. Data were extracted on population, intervention, outcome and results. These data were compiled into evidence summary tables and narrative overviews. Recommendations on strategies for COVID-19 stigma-reduction were developed using the WHO ‘Evidence to Decision’ framework approach. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42020177677). Results The searches identified a total of 4150 potentially relevant records, from which 12 systematic reviews and 29 additional articles were included. Overarching considerations and specific recommendations focus on: (1) language/words used in relation to COVID-19 and affected people; (2) media/journalistic practices; (3) public health interventions; (4) targeted public health interventions for key groups and (5) involving communities and key stakeholders. Conclusions These recommendations represent the first consolidated evidence-based guidance on stigma and discrimination reduction in relation to COVID-19. Mitigating the impact of stigma is critical in reducing distress and negative experiences, and strengthening communities' resolve to work together during exceptional circumstances. Ultimately, reducing stigma helps addressing structural inequalities that drive marginalisation and exacerbate both health risks and the impact of stigma. Administrations and decision makers are urged to consider integrating these recommendations into the ongoing COVID-19 response.

scholarly journals COVID-19: underpowered randomised trials, or no randomised trials?

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle Fretheim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Key Barrier

AbstractA recently published trial of face mask use to protect against COVID-19 demonstrated a key barrier to carrying out randomised trials in public health: the need for unattainably large sample sizes. For many public health interventions, the choice is not between sufficiently powered trials and underpowered trials, but between underpowered trials and no trials at all. Underpowered trials should be viewed as contributions to the larger body of evidence, alongside other studies of various sizes and designs, collectively assessed and synthesized in systematic reviews. Overemphasis on sample size calculation is probably more of a hindrance than a help to scientific progress.

scholarly journals A Bayesian approach to the g-formula

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 3183-3204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P Keil ◽  
Eric J Daza ◽  
Stephanie M Engel ◽  
Jessie P Buckley ◽  
Jessie K Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Public Health Interventions

Epidemiologists often wish to estimate quantities that are easy to communicate and correspond to the results of realistic public health interventions. Methods from causal inference can answer these questions. We adopt the language of potential outcomes under Rubin’s original Bayesian framework and show that the parametric g-formula is easily amenable to a Bayesian approach. We show that the frequentist properties of the Bayesian g-formula suggest it improves the accuracy of estimates of causal effects in small samples or when data are sparse. We demonstrate an approach to estimate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke on body mass index among children aged 4–9 years who were enrolled in a longitudinal birth cohort in New York, USA. We provide an algorithm and supply SAS and Stan code that can be adopted to implement this computational approach more generally.

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