The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant

It is known that the Oxus civilization in the Bronze Age, with its unique material culture, interacted with a number of cultural countries: the Indian Valley, Iran, Mesopotamia, Elam and other regions. As a result of these relationships, interactions and interactions are formed. Archaeologists turn to archaeological and written sources to shed light on the historiography of this period. This research is devoted to the history of cultural relations between the Oxus civilization and the countries of the Arabian Gulf in the Bronze Age. The article highlights cultural ties based on an analysis of stamp seals and unique artifacts.Key words: Dilmun, Magan, marine shell, Arabian Gulf, Bahrain, Mesopotamia, Harappa, Gonur, Afghanistan

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Cultural Metallurgy—A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant

Cambridge Archaeological Journal ◽

10.1017/s0959774321000524 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Nissim Amzallag

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Transitional Period ◽

Practical Approach ◽

Nile Valley ◽

Southern Levant ◽

Religious Expression ◽

Late Chalcolithic ◽

Key Factor ◽

The Bronze Age

The causes of the disappearance of Late Chalcolithic society (Ghassulian) in the early fourth millennium bc remain obscure. This study identifies the collapse as the consequence of a change in the approach to metallurgy from cosmological fundament (Late Chalcolithic) to a practical craft (EB1). This endogenous transition accounts for the cultural recession characterizing the transitional period (EB1A) and the discontinuity in ritual practices. The new practical approach in metallurgy is firstly observed in the southern margin of the Ghassulian culture, which produced copper for distribution in the Nile valley rather than the southern Levant. Nevertheless, the Ghassulian cultural markers visible in the newly emerging areas of copper working (southern coastal plain, Nile valley) denote the survival of the old cosmological traditions among metalworkers of the EB1 culture. Their religious expression unveils the extension of the Ghassulian beliefs attached to metallurgy and their metamorphosis into the esoteric fundaments of the Bronze Age religions.

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ARCHAEOLOGISTS M.P. GRYAZNOV, V.I. MATYUSHCHENKO AND THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM

Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory ◽

10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 62-69

Author(s):

MARSADOLOV L. ◽

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

The State ◽

Daily Work ◽

History Of ◽

The Bronze Age

Many decades the life and work of Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov (1902-1984) was connected with the State Hermitage museum. Long-term friendship bound him with Vladimir Ivanovich Matyushchenko (1928-2005). These archaeologists were lucky in the excavations in the field and in the office behind a desk that was reached by stressful daily work. The most valuable materials from the excavations of M.P. Gryaznov were transferred to the Hermitage (Pazyryk-1, Arzhan-1), and in the museum's funds he taught a course in tracology for students of LSU. Archaeologists are well aware of the scientific works of VI. Matyushchenko on the history of Siberian archaeology, materials from excavations of the Bronze Age sites in the Tomsk and Omsk regions (Elovka, Rostovka and others), and the mounds of the Xiongnu era in Sidorovka. This article briefly discusses the main stages of M.P. Gryaznov's work in the Hermitage and his further relations with this museum. The author of the article was familiar with M.P. Gryaznov and VI. Matyushchenko, studied archaeology with them, gained experience and repeatedly helped them, both in the Hermitage and beyond. Keywords: M.P Gryaznov, V.I. Matyushchenko, hermitage, Pazyryk, Arzhan, state award

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An Early British Interest in Knossos

The Annual of the British School at Athens ◽

10.1017/s0068245400020335 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sinclair Hood

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

British Museum ◽

Early History ◽

History Of ◽

Eyewitness Account ◽

Sanctuary Of Demeter ◽

The Bronze Age

Four letters written in 1879, 1880, and 1884, by Thomas B. Sandwith, the British Consul in Crete, to the British Museum throw light on the early history of the site of the Bronze Age palace at Knossos. The first of these letters (1879) contains a brief eyewitness account of the excavations of Minos Kalokairinos there in the winter of 1878–9 and urges the British Museum to continue his work. The two later letters (1884) deal with his gift of a pithos from the palace excavations to the Museum. The letters also refer to clandestine excavations in the Sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos.

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Household Economy, Long-Term Change, and Social Transformation: The Bronze Age Political Economy of Northwestern Europe

Nature and Culture ◽

10.3167/nc.2007.020204 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 161-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kristian Kristiansen

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Social Transformation ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Term Change ◽

History Of Vegetation ◽

History Of ◽

Triggering Factor ◽

The Bronze Age

In this article I examine how long-term economic strategies in the Bronze Age of northern Europe between 2300 and 500 BCE transformed the environment and thus created and imposed new ecological constraints that finally led to a major social transformation and a "dark age" that became the start of the new long-term cycle of the Iron Age. During the last 30 years hundreds of well-excavated farmsteads and houses from south Scandinavia have made it possible to reconstruct the size and the structure of settlement and individual households through time. During the same period numerous pollen diagrams have established the history of vegetation and environmental changes. I will therefore use the size of individual households or farmsteads as a parameter of economic strength, and to this I add the role of metal as a triggering factor in the economy, especially after 1700 BCE when a full-scale bronze technology was adopted and after 500 BCE when it was replaced by iron as the dominant metal. A major theoretical concern is the relationships between micro- and macroeconomic changes and how they articulated in economic practices. Finally the nature of the "dark age" during the beginning of the Iron Age will be discussed, referring to Sing Chew's use of the concept (Chew 2006).

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Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abb0030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (38) ◽

pp. eabb0030

Author(s):

Silvia Guimaraes ◽

Benjamin S. Arbuckle ◽

Joris Peters ◽

Sarah E. Adcock ◽

Hijlke Buitenhuis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Large Scale ◽

Early Neolithic ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Domestic Horses ◽

Third Millennium Bce ◽

History Of ◽

Southern Caucasus ◽

The Bronze Age

Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.

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(J.) Zafiropulo Mead and wine: a history of the bronze age in Greece. Trans. P. Green. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. 1966. Pp. viii + 148. 22 plates. 6 text figures. 12 tables. £1 10s.

The Journal of Hellenic Studies ◽

10.2307/628747 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 88 ◽

pp. 214-215

Author(s):

Edward Rushworth

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

History Of ◽

The Bronze Age

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Greek Prehistory Through the Bronze Age

Classics ◽

10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0338 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Brendan Burke

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

History Of Archaeology ◽

Greek Language ◽

Ancient Greek ◽

History Of ◽

Epic Poems ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Bronze Age ◽

Shed Light ◽

Of Greece

The history of archaeology of Greece as we know it today begins with prehistoric investigations that took place in the 19th century. Early excavations by Heinrich Schliemann, Arthur Evans, and Wilhelm Dörpfeld, along with Greek colleagues like Christos Tsountas, Panagiotis Stamatakis, Valerios Stais, and Antonios Keramopoulos laid the foundation for systematic, stratigraphic excavations. Research was heavily directed by ancient Greek texts, primarily the epic poems of Homer. Efforts to find archaeological truth to the legendary tales of the ancient heroes continue to be problematic, but, to a degree, early excavations revealed a rich and fascinating period of Greece’s development. Although the archaeological discoveries of Greek prehistory date to an age centuries older than Homer, the discoveries shed light on a vast, rich archaeological history, one upon which the Homeric tales were, at least partially, based. Early discoveries of prehistoric texts, especially on Crete with scripts in Hieroglyphic Minoan, Linear A (non-Greek), and Linear B (Greek), along with the enigmatic Phaistos disc, have expanded our understanding of the history of the Greek language and Greek people.

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