A novel process configuration for co-production of NGL and LNG with low energy requirement

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Vatani ◽  
Mehdi Mehrpooya ◽  
Behnam Tirandazi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Process Configuration

scholarly journals Proof of concept of wastewater treatment via passive aeration SND using a novel zeolite amended biofilm reactor

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 2204-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Raphael Marie-Guillaume Flavigny ◽  
Md Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Wipa Charles ◽  
Ralf Cord-Ruwisch
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Nutrient Removal Efficiency

Abstract The current paper describes a novel passive aeration simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (PASND) zeolite amended biofilm reactor that removes organic carbon and nitrogen from wastewater with low-energy consumption. Next to the ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), this reactor contained naturally enriched glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) and zeolite powder to initially adsorb BOD (acetate) and ammonium (NH4+-N) from synthetic wastewater under anaerobic conditions. Draining of the treated wastewater exposed the biofilm directly to air enabling low-energy oxygen supply by passive aeration. This allowed the adsorbed ammonium to be oxidized by the AOB and the produced nitrite and nitrate to be reduced simultaneously by the GAOs using the adsorbed BOD (stored as PHAs) as carbon source. Overall, with an operation mode of 1 h anaerobic and 4 h aerobic phase, the nutrient removal efficiency after single treatment was about 94.3% for BOD and 72.2% for nitrogen (NH4+-N). As high-energy aeration of the bulk solution for oxygen supply is completely avoided, the energy requirement of the proposed PASND biofilm reactor can be theoretically cut down to more than 50% compared to the traditional activated sludge process.

scholarly journals Case study of the Brownell low energy requirement house

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Jones ◽  
R F Krajewski ◽  
G Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Low Energy

Study on the Influence Factors of Desilication in Bioleaching by B. Mucilaginosus

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 1740-1743
Author(s):  
Xiao Xi Zeng ◽  
Hong Bo Zhou ◽  
Yue Hua Hu ◽  
Jian Xin Tang ◽  
Pei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Bacillus Mucilaginosus ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Powder Diameter ◽  
Silicon Dissolution

Bioleaching is an environmental friendly technology with many potential advantages such as few pollution and low energy requirement. The factors which affected the silicate-dissolving ability of Bacillus mucilaginosus Lv1-2on illite were investigated. The results showed that the optimum inoculum amount was 2%.The best carbon source and nitrogen source were glucose and (NH4)2SO4respectively. The silicon dissolution increased with the powder diameter decreased. The optimal temperature and shaking speed were 30°C and 220 rpm. The proper conditions were consistent with that of the growth of the strain,which confirmed that the strain played an important role in bioleaching.

scholarly journals Investigating Pervaporation as a Process Method for Concentrating Formic Acid Produced from Carbon Dioxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry J. Kaczur ◽  
Liam J. McGlaughlin ◽  
Prasad S. Lakkaraju
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Energy Processing

New methods in lowering energy consumption costs for evaporation and concentration are needed in many commercial chemical processes. Pervaporation is an underutilized, low-energy processing method that has a potential capability in achieving lower energy processing costs. A recently developed new electrochemical process that can generate a 5–25 wt% pure formic acid (FA) from the electrochemical reduction of CO2 requires a low-energy process for producing a more concentrated FA product for use in both on-site and commercial plant applications. In order to accomplish this, a 25 cm2 membrane area pervaporation test cell was constructed to evaluate the FA-H2O system separation performance of three distinct types of membrane candidates at various FA feed concentrations and temperatures. The selection included one cation ion exchange, two anion ion exchange, and two microporous hydrophobic membranes. The permeation flux rates of FA and H2O were measured for FA feed concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 60 wt% at corresponding temperatures of 22, 40, and 60 °C. The separation performance results for these particular membranes appeared to follow the vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) characteristics of the vapor phase in the FA-H2O system as a function of temperature. A Targray microporous hydrophobic high-density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane and a Chemours Nafion® N324 membrane showed the best permeation selectivities and mass flux rates FA feed concentrations, ranging from 10 to 40 wt%. The cation and anion ion exchange membranes evaluated were found not to show any significant enhancements in blocking or promoting the transport of the formate ion or FA through the membranes. An extended permeation cell run concentrated a 10.12% FA solution to 25.38% FA at 40 °C. Azeotropic distillation simulations for the FA-H2O system using ChemCad 6.0 were used to determine the energy requirement using steam costs in processing FA feed concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 wt%. These experimental results indicate that pervaporation is a potentially useful unit process step with the new electrochemical process in producing higher concentration FA product solutions economically and at lower capital costs. One major application identified is in on-site production of FA for bioreactors employing new types of microbes that can assimilate FA in producing various chemicals and bio-products.

Acanthonus armatus , a deep-sea teleost fish with a minute brain and large ears

1987 ◽  
Vol 230 (1259) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Benthic Prey

Acanthonus armatus , a deep-water benthopelagic fish, has, per unit body weight, the smallest brain and largest semicircular canals of any known teleost and possibly any vertebrate. Pertinent areas of the brainstem and the cerebellum are large; this observation suggests that the fish’s lateral line and vestibular senses are particularly acute. The huge cranial cavity also contains heavy saccular otoliths, which may indicate that the fish is sensitive to low-frequency sound. Brain size and specialization are consistent with an apparent pattern of low energy requirement, hovering and slow movement over the deep-sea floor, and consumption of small benthic prey in a dark environment.

scholarly journals Joint synthesis “Sustainable Concrete Structures” of the NRP “Energy”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Habert ◽  
Francesco Pittau
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Prestressing Steel ◽  
Sustainable Concrete ◽  
Important Basis

All structures in Switzerland - that is, all buildings, roads, infrastructure constructions and so on - consume over their entire life cycle around 50 % of Switzerland's final energy requirement. They are also responsible for around 30 % of emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2. In recent decades, the energy requirements and CO2 emissions resulting from the use of such structures have fallen sharply. However, the grey energy contained within the structures as well as the CO2 emissions associated with the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, remain high. There is great potential for improvement here. The joint project “Low energy concrete” provides an important basis for transforming the construction industry into a sustainable sector. It primarily focuses on the building material concrete, which is responsible for an especially high amount of grey energy and significant CO2 emissions. The results of this joint project are summarised and interpreted in this synthesis on “Sustainable Concrete Structures”. The chief objectives of the joint project were as follows: CO2 emissions and grey energy are reduced by drastically decreasing the amount of clinker in the cement. Grey energy is reduced by replacing reinforcing and prestressing steel in concrete structures with wood and plastic. The service life of the structures is extended by professional monitoring and adequate renovation measures; this reduces the average annual grey energy and CO2 emissions. The research work shows that the CO2 emissions caused by concrete and concrete structures can be reduced by a factor of 4, while the bound grey energy can be decreased by a factor of 3.

A study of the isomerization and dissociation of formal [acetone–methanol]+· ion–molecule complexes

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1903-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Wang ◽  
John L Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Energy Surface ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Dissociation Limit ◽  
Methyl Radical ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Ion Molecule Complexes ◽  
Complex Ion

The energy barrier for the keto–enol isomerization of the isolated acetone ion to its distonic (enol) isomer lies above its lowest dissociation limit and so the spontaneous isomerization can never be observed. Keto–enol isomerizations can be catalyzed within appropriate ion–molecule complexes. The present study involved two systems, [(CH3)2C=O···H+···O(H)CH2·] (ion 1) and [(CH3)2C=O···H+····OCH3] (ion 2), in both stable and metastable adducts. When acetone is bound to ·CH2OH though a proton bridge, shown as ion 1, an enol acetone ion is produced. This reaction results from a proton attaching to the acetone, which then gives an H· atom back to the radical site by a 1,6-H transfer, involving a transition state of low energy requirement. In contrast, when the acetone is protonated and bound to the radical CH3O· (ion 2), the above rearrangement does not take place. The metastable complex ion 2 loses a methyl radical, producing a new [C3H7O2]+ isomer of structure [CH3C+(O)···(H)OCH3]. Tandem mass spectrometry combined with ab initio calculations were used to investigate the two systems. Potential energy surface diagrams were obtained by calculations at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level of theory to aid further elucidation of the reaction mechanisms. Key words: ion–molecule complexes, keto–enol mechanisms, ion rearrangements and structures.

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