In patients with renal cell carcinoma, brain metastasis is generally one of the poor prognostic factors. However, the recent introduction of molecular target therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor has remarkably advanced the systemic treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and prolonged the patients’ survival. The pivotal clinical trials of those agents usually excluded patients with brain metastasis. The incidence of brain metastasis has been increasing in the actual clinical setting because of longer control of extra-cranial disease. Brain metastasis subgroup data from the prospective and retrospective series have been gradually accumulated about the risk classification of brain metastasis and the efficacy and safety of those new agents for brain metastasis. While the local treatment against brain metastasis includes neurosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and conventional whole brain radiation therapy, the technology of stereotactic radiosurgery has been especially advanced, and the combination with systemic therapy such as molecular target therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor is considered promising. This review summarizes recent progression of multimodality treatment of brain metastasis of renal cell carcinoma from literature data and explores the future direction of the treatment.
Acute renal failure in patient with renal cell carcinoma after combination immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
