Intermittent whole-body cold immersion induces similar thermal stress but different motor and cognitive responses between males and females

Abstract Abstract 4358 Baxter and Nektar have developed BAX 855, a PEGylated variant of Baxter’s rFVIII product based on the ADVATE™ manufacturing process using Nektar’s polymer technology. The absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion (ADME) of radiolabeled PEG-rFVIII was investigated after single dose i.v. injection to male and female rats. Radiolabeled BAX 855 was synthesized by conjugation of rFVIII with tritiated [3H] PEG polymer, where several hydrogens [1H] were replaced by tritium atoms [3H] on the PEG backbone. The animals designated for the collection of excreta and animals designated for the collection of blood received a single intravenous 1 mg/kg dose of [3H] PEG-rFVIII at a dose volume of 0.68 mL/kg. The animals designated for whole body autoradiography (WBA) were administered a single intravenous 2 mg/kg dose at 1.36 mL/kg. The radioactivity dose for 1 mg/kg was 122 μ Ci/kg and 2 mg/kg for 251 μ Ci/kg. With a specific activity of 2088 IU/mg, these single doses correspond to an FVIII activity dose of 2088 and 4176 IU/kg, respectively. Urine and feces were collected for 1008 hours post-dose and selected tissues were collected for metabolite profiling. Blood was collected at specified times during 1008 hours post-dose. Blood, plasma, urine, and feces were analyzed for total radioactivity. Rats designated for WBA were killed at specified times during 168 hours post-dose and rats designated for tissue excision were killed at specified times during 1008 hours post-dose. In addition, selected plasma, urine, feces, kidney, liver and lung samples were profiled for the parent compound and its metabolites. Radioactivity was eliminated from blood and plasma with half-lives (t1/2) of 827 and 655 hours, respectively, in males, and 306 and 276 hours, respectively, in females. The distribution of drug-derived radioactivity was extensive in both males and females, with radioactivity quantifiable in blood and plasma and all matrices analyzed. The maximum concentrations (Cmax) of radioactivity for tissues were observed at the 1-, 8-, 24-, and 168-hour collections. The highest maximum concentrations of radioactivity were observed in the plasma, blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys in both males and females. Radioactivity in the spleen analyzed by WBA presented a mottled appearance with most of the radioactivity in the red pulp. Elimination of radioactivity occurred primarily via urine. At 1008 hours post-dose, urine, feces, and daily cage rinse corresponded to 51.9, 38.4 and 4.01% of the dose administered to males, and 55.7, 45.0 and 3.53% of the dose administered to females. The mean overall recoveries in males and females were 97.4 and 107%, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study show that radio-labeled PEG-rFVIII was distributed to tissues analyzed without binding to the cellular blood components and radioactivity was excreted quantitatively within 6 weeks via urine and feces. Disclosures: Stidl: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Siekmann:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Culbertson:Nektar Therapeutics: Employment. Vinson:Nektar Therapeutics: Employment. Kozlowski:Nektar Therapeutics: Employment. Shen:Nektar Therapeutics: Employment. Bossard:Nektar Therapeutics: Employment. Rottensteiner:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Dietrich:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Cook:Baxter Technology Resources, Roun Lake, IL: Employment. Turecek:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Schwarz:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Muchitsch:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.

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Paternal care in captive collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx richardsoni) and its effect on development of the offspring

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z89-388 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 2740-2745 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cathy M. Shilton ◽

Ronald J. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Body Size ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Sexual Maturity ◽

Paternal Care ◽

Parental Behavior ◽

Female Offspring ◽

Eye Opening ◽

Males And Females ◽

Rates Of Growth

We examined parental care in captive collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx richardsoni) to determine how this behavior differed between sexes and to test the hypothesis that presence of the male with the litter from parturition to weaning (17 d) would affect preweaning rates of growth, behavioral development, and body size and aggression at sexual maturity. Also, we tested whether stressing the litter, by removal of the female for 8 h/d, would alter the effect of the male on the development of pups. We compared four treatments: pups raised with mother only, pups raised with both parents, stressed pups raised with mother only, and stressed pups raised with both parents. Parental behavior was recorded from parturition to weaning. Preweaning development of pups was measured by rate of weight gain, age of eye opening, and development of thermoregulation and righting ability. Comparisons were made between stressed and unstressed litters raised with or without the sire. At 25 d, pups were weighed again and isolated, and at 60–75 d, their intrasexual aggressive behavior was measured. Presence of the sire did not alter behavior of the dam, and except for lactation, males and females cared equally for the pups. At weaning, stressed pups weighed less than unstressed pups, but this difference disappeared by 25 d. Presence of the sire had no effect on aggression of male or female offspring at 75 d. We concluded that the paternal care shown in this species is either an artifact of laboratory conditions or that it has effects, such as protection of offspring from infanticide or alleviation of thermal stress, that were not examined in this study.

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Total Body Potassium and Body Fat Estimation in Relationship to Height, Sex, Age, Malnutrition and Obesity

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0480431 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 431-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. J. Edmonds ◽

B. M. Jasani ◽

T. Smith

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Whole Body ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Total Body Potassium ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Males And Females ◽

Total Body

1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole-body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassium concentration (mmol/kg body weight) fell with increasing age over 30 years in both normal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable discrepancy and present formulae for estimating fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thickness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 kcal.) diet over several months' observation. 6. For overweight, obese individuals, total body potassium was best predicted from the individual's height. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.

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Effects of whole-body and local thermal stress on hydrostatic volume changes in the human calf

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-002-0688-z ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 88 (1-2) ◽

pp. 61-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fumio Yamazaki ◽

Chitose Okuno ◽

Shoko Nagamatsu ◽

Ryoko Sone

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Whole Body ◽

Volume Changes ◽

Human Calf

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A low sugar diet enhances Drosophila body size in males and females via sex-specific mechanisms

10.1101/2021.03.03.433819 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jason W Millington ◽

Lianna W Wat ◽

Ziwei Sun ◽

Paige J Basner-Collins ◽

George P Brownrigg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Whole Body ◽

Tor Signaling ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Dietary Sugar ◽

Males And Females ◽

Whole Body Metabolism ◽

Phenotypic Responses

In Drosophila, changes to dietary protein elicit different body size responses between the sexes. Whether this sex difference in nutrient-dependent body size regulation extends to other nutrients, such as dietary sugar, remains unclear. Here, we show that reducing dietary sugar enhanced body size in Drosophila male and female larvae. Indeed, the largest body size was found in larvae reared in a diet without added sugar. Despite the equivalent body size effects of a low sugar diet between males and females, we detected sex-specific changes to the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways. Further, we show that the metabolic changes observed in larvae reared on a low sugar diet differ between the sexes. Thus, despite identical phenotypic responses to dietary sugar in males and females, distinct changes to cell signaling pathways and whole-body metabolism were associated with the increased body size in each sex. This highlights the importance of including both sexes in all mechanistic studies on larval growth, as males and females may use different molecular and metabolic mechanisms to achieve similar phenotypic outcomes.

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The effect of whole body vibration on the sprint ability of Korean national bobsled and skeleton athletes

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0258353 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0258353

Author(s):

Seok-Ki Min ◽

Kwangkyu Lee ◽

Seung-Taek Lim

Keyword(s):

Whole Body Vibration ◽

Cumulative Record ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Vibration ◽

National Team ◽

Winter Olympics ◽

Males And Females ◽

Sprint Ability

This study aims to find out whether whole body vibration has an effect on the sprint ability to shorten the time of bobsled-skeleton athletes. Seventeen bobsled-skeleton athletes (male = 11, female = 6) were recruited from Korea Winter Olympics National Team. Participants were randomly assigned to either a sprint immediately after whole body vibration or a sprint without whole body vibration protocol during two separate visits by a period of 3 months. To evaluate the effects of the sprint ability, measurements were performed 60-m sprint recorded test. In males, at the 45m (p<0.05) significant faster sprint section record after WBV more than Non-WBV. In females, at the 15m (p<0.05), 30m (p<0.01), 45m (p<0.05), and 60m (p<0.05) significant faster sprint section record after WBV more than Non-WBV. In males, at the 30m (p<0.05), 45m (p<0.05), and 50m (p<0.05) significant faster sprint cumulative record after WBV more than Non-WBV. In females, at the 15m (p<0.05), 30m (p<0.05), 45m (p<0.01), 50m (p<0.01), and 60m (p<0.01) significant faster sprint cumulative record after WBV more than Non-WBV. This study indicated that significant faster after WBV more than Non-WBV in males and females bobsled-skeleton athletes.

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Modulation of arterial baroreflex control of heart rate by skin cooling and heating in humans

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.393 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 393-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Fumio Yamazaki ◽

Ryoko Sone

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Thermal Stress ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽

Whole Body ◽

Arterial Baroreflex ◽

Carotid Baroreflex ◽

Skin Cooling ◽

Neck Pressure ◽

Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of skin cooling and heating on the heart rate (HR) control by the arterial baroreflex in humans. The subjects were 15 healthy men who underwent whole body thermal stress (esophageal temperatures, ∼36.8 and ∼37.0°C; mean skin temperatures, ∼26.4 and ∼37.7°C, in skin cooling and heating, respectively) produced by a cool or hot water-perfused suit during supine rest. The overall arterial baroreflex sensitivity in the HR control was calculated from spontaneous changes in beat-to-beat arterial pressure and HR during normothermic control and thermal stress periods. The carotid baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated from the maximum slope of the HR response to changes in carotid distending pressure, calculated as mean arterial pressure minus neck pressure. The overall arterial baroreflex sensitivity at existing arterial pressure increased during cooling (−1.32 ± 0.25 vs. −2.13 ± 0.20 beats ⋅ min− 1 ⋅ mmHg− 1 in the control and cooling periods, respectively, P < 0.05), whereas it did not change significantly during heating (−1.39 ± 0.23 vs. −1.40 ± 0.15 beats ⋅ min− 1 ⋅ mmHg− 1in the control and heating periods, respectively). Neither the cool nor heat loadings altered the carotid baroreflex sensitivity in the HR control. These results suggest that the sensitivity of HR control by the extracarotid (presumably aortic) baroreflex was augumented by whole body skin cooling, whereas the sensitivities of HR control by arterial baroreflex remain unchanged during mild whole body heating in humans.

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High-Pitch Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography—A New Dose-Saving Algorithm: Estimation of Radiation Exposure

Radiology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2012/724129 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dominik Ketelsen ◽

Markus Buchgeister ◽

Andreas Korn ◽

Michael Fenchel ◽

Bernhard Schmidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Whole Body ◽

High Pitch ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Tube Potential ◽

Dose Saving ◽

Dual Source ◽

Males And Females ◽

Female Specific

Purpose. To estimate effective dose and organ equivalent doses of prospective ECG-triggered high-pitch CTCA.Materials and Methods. For dose measurements, an Alderson-Rando phantom equipped with thermoluminescent dosimeters was used. The effective dose was calculated according to ICRP 103. Exposure was performed on a second-generation dual-source scanner (SOMATOM Definition Flash, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). The following scan parameters were used: 320 mAs per rotation, 100 and 120 kV, pitch 3.4 for prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch CTCA, scan range of 13.5 cm, collimation mm with z-flying focal spot, gantry rotation time 280 ms, and simulated heart rate of 60 beats per minute.Results. Depending on the applied tube potential, the effective whole-body dose of the cardiac scan ranged from 1.1 mSv to 1.6 mSv and from 1.2 to 1.8 mSv for males and females, respectively. The radiosensitive breast tissue in the range of the primary beam caused an increased female-specific effective dose of % compared to males. Decreasing the tube potential, a significant reduction of the effective dose of 35.8% and 36.0% can be achieved for males and females, respectively ().Conclusion. The radiologist and the CT technician should be aware of this new dose-saving strategy to keep the radiation exposure as low as reasonablly achievable.

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