Why do insects evolve immune priming? A search for crossroads

2022 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 104246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Prakash ◽  
Imroze Khan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Priming

Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Fowler ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Lynn S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
And Function ◽  
Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

scholarly journals Proteomic profiling of bacterial and fungal induced immune priming in Galleria mellonella larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 104213
Author(s):  
Gerard Sheehan ◽  
Anatte Margalit ◽  
David Sheehan ◽  
Kevin Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Proteomic Profiling ◽  
Immune Priming

Schistosomes in the skin: a balance between immune priming and regulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian P Mountford ◽  
Francois Trottein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Priming

scholarly journals Immune Control of Herpesvirus Infection in Molluscs

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Jacinta R Agius ◽  
Serge Corbeil ◽  
Karla J Helbig
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Herpesvirus Infection ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Preventative Strategy ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1

Molluscan herpesviruses that are capable of infecting economically important species of abalone and oysters have caused significant losses in production due to the high mortality rate of infected animals. Current methods in preventing and controlling herpesviruses in the aquacultural industry are based around biosecurity measures which are impractical and do not contain the virus as farms source their water from oceans. Due to the lack of an adaptive immune system in molluscs, vaccine related therapies are not a viable option; therefore, a novel preventative strategy known as immune priming was recently explored. Immune priming has been shown to provide direct protection in oysters from Ostreid herpesvirus-1, as well as to their progeny through trans-generational immune priming. The mechanisms of these processes are not completely understood, however advancements in the characterisation of the oyster immune response has assisted in formulating potential hypotheses. Limited literature has explored the immune response of abalone infected with Haliotid herpesvirus as well as the potential for immune priming in these species, therefore, more research is required in this area to determine whether this is a practical solution for control of molluscan herpesviruses in an aquaculture setting.

scholarly journals Experimental evolution of insect immune memory versus pathogen resistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1869) ◽  
pp. 20171583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imroze Khan ◽  
Arun Prakash ◽  
Deepa Agashe
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Rapid Modulation ◽  
Specific Priming

Under strong pathogen pressure, insects often evolve resistance to infection. Many insects are also protected via immune memory (immune priming), whereby sublethal exposure to a pathogen enhances survival after secondary infection. Theory predicts that immune memory should evolve when the pathogen is highly virulent, or when pathogen exposure is relatively rare. However, there are no empirical tests of these hypotheses, and the adaptive benefits of immune memory relative to direct resistance against a pathogen are poorly understood. To determine the selective pressures and ecological conditions that shape immune evolution, we imposed strong pathogen selection on flour beetle ( Tribolium castaneum ) populations, infecting them with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for 11 generations. Populations injected first with heat-killed and then live Bt evolved high basal resistance against multiple Bt strains. By contrast, populations injected only with a high dose of live Bt evolved a less effective but strain-specific priming response. Control populations injected with heat-killed Bt did not evolve priming; and in the ancestor, priming was effective only against a low Bt dose. Intriguingly, one replicate population first evolved priming and subsequently evolved basal resistance, suggesting the potential for dynamic evolution of different immune strategies. Our work is the first report showing that pathogens can select for rapid modulation of insect priming ability, allowing hosts to evolve divergent immune strategies (generalized resistance versus specific immune memory) with potentially distinct mechanisms.

scholarly journals The epidemiological consequences of immune priming

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4505-4512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. Tidbury ◽  
Alex Best ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Invertebrate Immunity ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Pathogen Persistence ◽  
Full Immunity

Exposure to low doses of pathogens that do not result in the host becoming infectious may ‘prime’ the immune response and increase protection to subsequent challenge. There is increasing evidence that such immune priming is a widespread and important feature of invertebrate host–pathogen interactions. Immune priming clearly has implications for individual hosts but will also have population-level implications. We present a susceptible–primed–infectious model—in contrast to the classic susceptible–infectious–recovered framework—to investigate the impacts of immune priming on pathogen persistence and population stability. We describe impacts of immune priming on the epidemiology of the disease in both constant and seasonal environments. A key result is that immune priming may act to destabilize population dynamics. In particular, when the proportion of individuals becoming primed rather than infected is high, but this priming does not confer full immunity, the population may be strongly destabilized through the generation of limit cycles. We discuss the implications of our model both in the context of invertebrate immunity and more widely.

Enhanced Immune Priming with Spatial Distribution of Paracrine Cytokine Vaccines

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Jaffee ◽  
Matthew C. Thomas ◽  
Alex Y.-C. Huang ◽  
Karen M. Hauda ◽  
Hyam I. Levitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Immune Priming

scholarly journals Elucidating the Function of an Ancient NF-κB p100 Homologue, CrRelish, in Antibacterial Defense

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Hua Fan ◽  
Xiao Wei Wang ◽  
Jinhua Lu ◽  
Bow Ho ◽  
Jeak Ling Ding
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Sequence Context ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Repeated Infection ◽  
The Family

ABSTRACT The family of NF-κB transcription factors essentially regulates immune-related gene expression. Recently, we isolated and characterized the classical NF-κB/inhibitor κB (IκB) homologues from a “living fossil,” the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Interestingly, this ancient species also harbors another class I NF-κB p100 homologue, C. rotundicauda Relish (CrRelish). Similar to Drosophila Relish and the mammalian p100, CrRelish contains both the Rel-homology domains (RHD) and the IκB-like domain. In this study, we found that the RHD of CrRelish can recognize horseshoe crab and human κB response elements and activate the downstream reporter in vitro, thereby suggesting the evolutionary conservation of this molecule. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection transcriptionally upregulates CrRelish, which exhibits a dynamic protein profile over the time course of infection. Surprisingly, secondary infection reinduced an upsurge in CrRelish protein expression to a level which overrode the protein degradation at 12 h postinfection. These observations strongly suggest the involvement of CrRelish in antibacterial defense. Secondary infection causes (i) the maintenance of a favorable expression-competent sequence context of the CrRelish gene and/or (ii) the derepression or stabilization of the CrRelish transcript resulting from the primary infection to enable the more rapid expression and accumulation of the CrRelish protein, reflecting apparent signal/immune priming in a repeated infection.

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