Oro-facial opportunistic infections and related pathologies in HIV patients: A comprehensive review

2021 ◽  
pp. 101170
Author(s):  
Shailesh Gondivkar ◽  
Sachin C. Sarode ◽  
Amol R. Gadbail ◽  
Monal Yuwanati ◽  
Gargi S. Sarode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Unrecognised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in an Emergency Department in Hong Kong: A Report of Four Cases

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
KL Mok ◽  
PG Kan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes breakdown of the immune system and predisposes patients to various opportunistic infections and neoplasms. However, many patients may not be aware of the HIV infection before the development of their first HIV related complications. We reported four unrecognised HIV patients presenting to our accident and emergency department with common complications of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although not as common as in America, emergency physicians in Hong Kong still have to take care of patients with unknown HIV status. The common presentations of HIV patients will be discussed. A high index of suspicion and knowledge of common HIV/AIDS complications are required for managing these patients.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and Safety of Concurrent Use of First-Line Antiretroviral and Antituberculous Drugs in Rwanda

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Ntokamunda Kadima ◽  
Marie Françoise Mukanyangezi ◽  
Claude Bernard Uwizeye
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
First Line ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Clinical Indicators ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Concurrent Use

Background. Overlapping toxicity between drugs used for HIV and TB could complicate the management of HIV/TB coinfected patients, particularly those carrying multiple opportunistic infections. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and adverse drug events in HIV patients managed with first-line antiretroviral and first-line anti-TB drugs.Methods. This is a retrospective study utilizing medical dossiers from single-HIV infected and HIV/TB coinfected patients already initiated on ART. Predictors of outcomes included changes in CD4 cells/mm3, body weight, physical improvement, death rate, and adverse drug reactions.Results. Records from 60 HIV patients and 60 HIV/TB patients aged between 20 and 58 years showed that all clinical indicators of effectiveness were better in single-HIV infected than in HIV/TB coinfected patients: higher CD4 cell counts, better physical improvement, and low prevalence of adverse drug events. The most frequently prescribed regimen was TDF/3TC/EFV+RHZE. The mortality rate was 20% in HIV/TB patients compared to 8.3% in the single-HIV group.Conclusion. Treatment regimens applied are efficient in controlling the progression of the infection. However, attention should be paid to adjust dosing when combining nonnucleoside antiretrovirals (EFV and NVR) with anti-TB drugs to minimize the risk of death by drug intoxication.

scholarly journals Opportunistic diseases in patients with HIV infection in the intensive care unit

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
G M Kozhevnikova ◽  
S L Voznesenskiy ◽  
T N Ermak ◽  
E V Petrova ◽  
V P Golub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Secondary Diseases

The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic diseases and comorbidities in patients admitted in the intensive care unit. Materials and methods. A specialized intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with severe HIV infection was set up in 2014 at the infectious diseases 2nd state hospital Moscow. It provides intensive care and treatments for HIV patients with severe co-morbidities and opportunistic infections. Retrospective analysis of medical records from 2014-2016 was carried out. Also carried out was a comparative study of the most common presentation of secondary diseases with available data of HIV patients in Russia from 1993-1997. Results. The number of patients treated increased from 455 to 852, and the death rate in the department decreased from 64.8 to 50.2% since it began operating. The opportunistic infections noted were cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis of the brain. The most common comorbidities were chronic hepatitis C and mixed form of chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis complications. Despite the vast diagnostic possibilities, bacterial pneumonia and encephalitis of unknown origin significantly occurred. Comparative study of secondary disease since the early 1990s revealed a significant increase in cerebral toxoplasmosis (from 1.7 to 10.4%), pneumocystis pneumonia (from 5.2 to 16.0%) and encephalitis of unspecified etiology (from 13.8 to 39.4%) Conclusion. Disease severity among HIV patients is increasing. CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia were predominant opportunistic diseases. There were significant changes in the presentation of secondary diseases compared to data from 1993-1997.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS Patients’ Survival Rate between One Co-infection and More Than One Opportunistic Co-infection at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan in 2015-2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 447-453
Author(s):  
Rizal Abdul Munaf ◽  
Tambar Kembaren ◽  
Restuti Hidayani S
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: AIDS is a collection of disease symptoms caused by HIV that damages the human immune system. Decreased immunity causes the patient to be very susceptible to various, often fatal, infectious diseases (opportunistic infections). Aim: To determine the difference in HIV/AIDS patients' survival rate between one co-infection and more than one opportunistic co-infection at Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 2015-2017. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort analytic study using secondary data from medical records of HIV patients from January 2015-December 2017. The samples were 34 HIV/AIDS patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, selected by consecutive technique sampling. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for demographic data. Kaplan Meier's statistical analysis was used for endurance or survival tests. The difference was considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Results: The most opportunistic infections found were diarrhea in 265 subjects (55.67%), followed by toxoplasmosis in 159 subjects (33.40%), oral candidiasis 141 subjects (29.62%), CMV 78 subjects (16.39%), pneumonia 63 subjects (13.24%), sepsis 62 subjects (13.03%), PCP 45 subjects (9.45%), hepatitis B 38 subjects (7.98%), chlamydia 24 subjects (5.04%), hepatitis C 14 subjects (2, 94%), Herpes zoster 11 subjects (2.31%), lymphadenopathy 4 subjects (0.84%), and the least common were NHL 1 subject (0.21%) and Penicilosis 1 subject (0.21%). Conclusion: The HIV patients’ survival rates are different based on the number of opportunistic infections. According to the order, the most common opportunistic infections were diarrhea, toxoplasmosis, and oral candidiasis. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, opportunistic infections, oral candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, diarrhea.

scholarly journals The Most Frequent Neurological Complications in HIV Patients in Constanta and the Influence that Coinfections Have in the Onset of Such Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Pascu Corina ◽  
Dumitru Irina Magdalena ◽  
Cernat Roxana Carmen ◽  
Petcu Lucian Cristian ◽  
Rugina Sorin
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disease Specialist

Abstract Abstract: This paper shows the results of a retrospective observational analytical study that has enrolled 166 HIV positive patients diagnosed with a neurological complication between June 2012 and June 2020, in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital of Constanta. 119 patients (71,69%) were diagnosed with one of the three neurological complications: HIV associated dementia (HAD), Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) and CNS Toxoplasmosis (CT). We have noted CD4 levels, viral loads, and the presence/absence of other infections like: HBV, HCV, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The results show that PML and CT, in this order, are the main opportunistic infections with important neurological impact. Both, PML and CT are in direct correlation with the immune status, but also with other infections like the infection with HCV or with M. Tuberculosis. CD4 nadir <100 cells/mmc and viral load ≥100000copies/ml have a stronger association with PML (p<0,05). Patients known with HIV and T. pallidum infection are more likely, in case of new sudden neurological signs, to be diagnosed with Neurotoxoplasmosis versus PML, or HAD (p<0,05). Given the fact that HIV patients can have multiple alterations of neurological functions, and spectaculous but complicated neuro imagistic results, knowing the history of the patients, the lab results, and the statistical probability can help the physician, infectious disease specialist or neurologist, to make a faster and precise diagnosis.

scholarly journals Opioids in the Management of HIV-Related Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 3S;15 (3S;7) ◽  
pp. ES157-ES168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Krashin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Opioid Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients have an increased rate of chronic pain, particularly peripheral neuropathy. This disease burden causes considerable disability and negatively affects quality of life. Pain is undertreated and more complex to manage in these patients for a number of reasons, including complex anti-retroviral drug regimens, higher risks of side effects, and higher rates of comorbid psychiatric illness and substance abuse. Pain management must take these factors into account and use all available modalities, including nonopioid pain relievers, adjuvant medications, and psychosocial therapies in addition to opioid analgesics. Here we review recent recommendations regarding acute and chronic opioid treatment of pain and the treatment of opioid dependence in HIV-infected patients, and provide suggestions regarding aberrant behavior in pain treatment. Objectives: The objective of this comprehensive review is to assess and summarize the complicating factors involved in treating HIV patients’ pain with opioid analgesics. Study Design: This is a narrative review without a systematic quality assessment of the literature discussion. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature relating to pain and pain treatment in HIV patients. The literature was collected from electronic databases, textbooks, and other sources. The scientific literature reviewed includes randomized trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, guidelines, and government reports. Results: This patient population is heterogeneous and diverse in their medical issues and comorbidities, but a systematic, stepwise approach to assessing and managing pain in HIV patients is described. Chronic opioid treatment has proven to be problematic and considerations and alternatives to this treatment are described. Management of pain in patients with opioid addiction, a frequent comorbidity of HIV infection, requires special awareness and different prescribing practices. Screening and identifying patients who are at special risk for developing medical or behavior complications of pain treatment is essential, and approaches to this, and common forms of aberrant behavior, are described. Limitations: The scientific literature on opioid treatment in this population is limited. The population of HIV patients is heterogeneous and differs in significant ways based on ethnicity, national origin, and mode of transmission, making it difficult to generalize about pain treatment in such a diverse group. Conclusions: Pain management in HIV patients must take these factors into account and use all available modalities for treatment, including nonopioid analgesics, adjuvant medications, and psychosocial therapies. Opioid analgesics should be prescribed with caution in accordance with current guidelines and after careful risk assessment. Key words: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, acute pain, chronic pain, psychiatric comorbidity, opioid dependence, opioids, chronic opioid therapy, substance abuse.

scholarly journals Detection of Coccidian Parasites and their Clinical Manifestation, Treatment and Prophylaxis in HIV Infected Patients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Basnet ◽  
BB Sherchan ◽  
B Rijal ◽  
S Sharma ◽  
P Khadga
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Previous History ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Coccidian Parasites

The objective was to know the prevalence of coccidian parasites, their clinical manifestation, treatment and prophylaxis in HIV infected patients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal.A total of 300 stool samples from 128 (64.00%) HIV patient without previous history of treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), 72 (36.00%) under ART treatment and 100 HIV seronegative control samples were collected and examined by wet mount, Kinyoun modified Ziehl Neelsen staining, Sheather's sucrose flotation and modified formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation methods.The coccidian parasites were detected in 22 (11.0%) of the 200 HIV infected patients, 18 (9.0%) without ART and 4 (2.0%) with ART undertaking patients. Those without ART had majority of 11 (8.5%) Cryptosporidium spp and those with ART had equal percentage of 2 (0.03%) Cryptosporidium spp and 2 (0.03%) Cyclospora spp. The prevalence of coccidian parasites was significantly higher in patients with diarrhea (20/22) than in those without diarrhea (2/22) (P value < 0.05). The drug therapy indices of the antibiotic, Cotrimoxazole given for 30 days in combination with ART for treatment and/or prophylaxis for opportunistic infections showed that long term treatment was needed for the clearance of coccidian parasites. Among 8 Cyclospora identified, 7.6% cleared from stool anlaysis after 30th days of treatment likewise 15.3% of Cryptosporidium cleared after 45th days of treatment.In conclusion, Cryptosporidium followed by Cyclospora appeared to be the predominant coccidian parasite associated with diarrhea among HIV patients. Clinicians are requested to query for coccidian parasites to evaluate diarrhea in HIV patients. Cotrimoxazole is the drug of choice in curing coccidian parasites. So, it should be given along with ART as a treatment and/ or prophylaxis that act against both opportunistic infections as well as coccidian parasites. However its side effects should be evaluated for its long term prophylaxis. Key words: AIDS; Coccidian; Diarrhea; HIV; ART; OIs. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3849 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.51-55  

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