Multi-level governance: The way forward for European illicit drug policy?

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Chatwin
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jonathan Caulkins ◽  
Benedikt Fischer ◽  
David Foxcroft ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  

Among the 47 options reviewed in this book, most show some evidence of effectiveness in at least one country, but the evidence is less than definitive for many others, either because the interventions are ineffective, or the research is inadequate. Unfortunately, policies that have shown little or no evidence of effectiveness continue to be the preferred options of many countries and international organizations. The evidence reviewed in this book supports two overarching conclusions. First, an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the public good than uncoordinated efforts to reduce drug supply and demand. Second, by shifting the emphasis toward a public health approach, it may be possible to reduce the extent of illicit drug use, prevent the escalation of new epidemics, and avoid the unintended consequences arising from the marginalization of drug users through severe criminal penalties.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Choirul Huda

<em>PT. Ahadnet International, a business Multi Level Marketing (MLM) Syariah, is a MLM business operations based on the principles of syari'ah . The business attracted many people from among Muslims because it offers businesses with marketing Islamic halal products and toyyib. No doubt, many Muslims were later merged into the Ahadnet MITRANIAGA. Nevertheless, the Muslims interests of this business does not mean not raising the issue. Labeling the word “Syariah” is attached to the naming MLM International Syari’ah Ahadnet it needs proper interpretation. Wrong interpretation of the word shariah for the Ahadnet International MLM syari’ah business will bring counterproductive, both for the company, MITRANIAGA and for Islam itself. Seeing this phenomenon, it is through this study, researchers are trying to see how far the understanding of the actors (MITRANIAGA) International Ahadnet the term shari’ah. Their understanding of Shari’ah will affect the way they work on the syariah business in genera,  particularly MLM syari’ah business</em>


2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Ritter ◽  
David McDonald
Keyword(s):  

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-101
Author(s):  
Lori Thorlakson

The literature argues that vertically integrated parties are important for generating or encouraging stability in multi-level systems. This chapter differentiates between party organizational linkages at the level of resources and services, cooperation, and attitudinal dimensions. Drawing on data from a survey of over 250 subnational party organizations in seven multi-level systems, this chapter shows that the institutional design of a federation does not necessarily predict the way in which parties share resources and services through vertical linkages, but it does help us predict other important aspects of multi-level organization. This includes the degree of shared values and the ideological distance between subnational and federal parties.


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