Using tradeable permits to improve efficiency, equity and animal protection in the commercial kangaroo harvest

This paper examines a selection of 21st-century international examples of exhibited visual artworks involving live or deceased animals. It seeks to reveal the risks and benefits of unique encounters with animals through art and to consider the ethical implications of artwork deploying animals. Australian and international animal protection laws are not explicit when it comes to the sourcing of animals for art nor for the direct inclusion of animals in artworks. This lack leads to a variety of artistic practices, some considered ethical while others are viewed as controversial, bordering on animal cruelty. Artwork selection is determined by a focus on high-profile artists who intentionally use animals in their practice and whose reputation has been fostered by this intention. The study provides insight into how the intentional use of ethically sourced animals within art practice can be a method of addressing hierarchal human–animal imbalances. Further, this study identifies unethical practices that may be best avoided regardless of the pro-animal political statements the artists put forward. Recommendations of how to better determine what is an acceptable use of animals in art with a view to informing legal guidelines and artistic best practice are presented.

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Hot-carriers in organic photovoltaics

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2020-1001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 223-230

Author(s):

Palas Roy

Keyword(s):

Organic Photovoltaics ◽

Excess Energy ◽

Charge Carriers ◽

Hot Carriers ◽

Hot Carrier ◽

Improve Efficiency ◽

Coulombic Attraction ◽

Carrier Escape

Abstract Photogenerated charge carriers in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) suffer relaxation and recombination losses. However, extracting these carriers at higher energy (‘Hot-carriers’) has been found to be effective to overcome such loss pathways and improve efficiency of OPVs. Excess energy and long delocalization length promotes hot-carrier escape from Coulombic attraction and dissociation into free charges. Here, I have reviewed the ways to generate hot-carriers and their extraction in organic backbones. In-depth understanding of their energetics and dynamics will help designing hot-carrier photovoltaics.

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Dog Tethering in Slovakia: Legal, Ethical and Behavioral Aspects and Dog Welfare Implications

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 594

Author(s):

Daniela Takáčová ◽

Lenka Skurková ◽

Lýdia Mesarčová ◽

Lenka Lešková ◽

Lucia Kottferová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Safety ◽

Basic Needs ◽

Point Of View ◽

Animal Protection ◽

Legal Rules ◽

Behavioral Aspects ◽

Welfare Implications ◽

Individual Features ◽

Physical Comfort

Long-term tethering of dogs, or their keeping under unsuitable conditions can result in issues related to changes in their behavior as they may not satisfy their basic needs of life. These needs are discussed in this paper, along with cases when dogs unnecessarily have to endure cruelty and pain. The unavoidable tethering of a dog must not cause trauma and must be arranged in a way that it guarantees physical comfort. Failure to meet the basic needs of an animal may result in manifestation of fear and subsequent aggressiveness. Owners of animals are responsible for their life and health, and their obligations include eliminating the possibility of them hurting themselves or other beings. The relevant adopted legislative provisions should provide protection to animals and be enforceable, which currently appears rather difficult. Controlling and observation of the legislative provisions related to the tethering of dogs raises some difficulties for animal protection inspectors. It is necessary to focus on the specificities of keeping conditions of various dog breeds and on their individual features. Based on research and the relevant Slovak legislative provisions, this paper discusses various views on the practice of tethering dogs from the point of view of public safety and the ethical consequences of permanent dog tethering. Data on dog tethering in Slovakia were evaluated based on a survey and Slovak legal rules governing this issue were analyzed along with various views of public safety and the ethical consequences of permanent dog tethering.

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An Animal Protection Sponsor's View of MEIC

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299702500317 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 343-345

Author(s):

Ethel Thurston

Keyword(s):

Gold Standard ◽

Animal Cell ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Animal Protection ◽

Animal Tests ◽

Lethal Blood

The Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity programme is most important to animal protection, since it has validated 64 in vitro tests using advanced human data for 50 chemicals as the “gold standard”. Therefore, it has been able to compare animal cell tests, human cell tests and whole-animal tests fairly with unbiased scientific evidence. Added bonuses have included the identification and development of missing in vitro information (“missing tests”), publication of time-related lethal blood concentrations for all 50 chemicals, and some preliminary plans to resolve the 50,000 untested (or poorly tested) chemicals in the chemical mountain.

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