The Organization of Animal Protection Investigations and the Animal Harm Spectrum: Canadian Data, International Lessons

This paper offers the first overview of the Canadian animal cruelty investigations landscape. First, the public and private sector organizations responsible for enforcement are explained, followed by examination of the implications of this patchwork for reporting suspected cruelty. Key statistical data are presented about the types of issues and cases and investigator responses. Initial recommendations are then proposed, and the value of the animal harm spectrum is discussed, including how it can be mobilized to strengthen the operations of animal protection work and animal welfare policy across nations.

Impact of ethical certifications and product involvement on consumers decision to purchase ethical products at price premiums in an emerging market context

In emerging markets, instances of increasing consumers focus on ethical aspects of the product are observed. To this end, we aim to examine the influence of two ethical certifications and two product involvement types on consumers willingness to purchase ethical products at price premiums in the Indian market. No animal cruelty certification and no child labor certification are chosen as the ethical certifications, and a shirt and a bar of soap are chosen as high and low involvement product categories. Data is collected from 206 respondents for the experiment, in which consumers willingness to purchase a product is evaluated for different product scenarios. The results of the study indicate that individuals show highest willingness to purchase products (a shirt or a soap) when both certifications (no animal cruelty, no child labor) are present. However, in comparing individual certifications, individuals prefer no animal cruelty certification for a shirt and no child labor certification for a bar of soap. The study provides insights to practitioners regarding consumers present perception of ethical aspects in the product and directions to increase sales of ethical products in the Indian market.

KAJIAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP TINDAKAN PENGANIAYAAN HEWAN DAN EKSPLOITASI SATWA LANGKA

Animal cruelty is an immoral crime that usurps animal rights, while exploitation of endangered animals is an act that has the potential to kill biodiversity in its country. The purpose of this article is to evaluate law enforcement against animal cruelty in Indonesia and its obstacles. The methodology used in this research is normative legal research which focused on secondary data approach. Although laws that regulate these criminal acts exist, such as Article 302 Criminal Code which explains the prohibition of actions that are detrimental to animal health, Law 5/1990 concerning conservation of the living natural resources and its ecosystem, added with Law18/2009 concerning husbandry and animal health, criminal cases regarding maltreatment and exploitation of circus animals, also abuse to killing pets and hunting of protected wildlife are still rampant. This could happen because of weak law enforcement that prevents deterrence. Criminal sanctions given to the perpetrators of animal cruelty are considered very light and justice for animal welfare is almost non existent. Factors that cause weak law enforcement are unsupportive constitutions, law enforcers, law facilities, its country community, and the legal culture factor. In order to overcome this matter, formulation of appropriate law to ensure legal certainty, a supportive constitution, education about biodiversity to the community, a proper surveillance system, assertiveness in law enforcement officers, and availability of adequate facilities are needed. Penganiayaan terhadap hewan merupakan suatu tindak kejahatan asusila yang merampas hak hewan. Sementara eksploitasi satwa langka adalah suatu tindakan yang berpotensi mematikan keanekaragaman hayati dalam negara. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku penganiayaan hewan dan eksploitasi satwa langka di Indonesia, serta faktor penghambatnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menyusun artikel ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif yang berfokus pengumpulan data sekunder. Walau sudah ada peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tindak pidana tersebut, seperti pada Pasal 302 KUHP yang membahas mengenai larangan perbuatan yang merugikan kesehatan hewan, UU 5/1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, ditambah dengan UU 18/2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, kasus-kasus seperti penganiayaan dan eksploitasi hewan sirkus, juga penganiayaan hingga pembunuhan terhadap hewan peliharaan dan perburuan satwa liar yang dilindungi masih saja marak terjadi. Hal ini diakibatkan oleh penegakan hukum yang lemah sehingga efek jera gagal dimunculkan. Sanksi pidana yang diberikan kepada pelaku tindak pidana dinilai sangat ringan dan eksistensi keadilan bagi kesejahteraan hewan hampir tidak ada. Penegakan hukum yang lemah disebabkan oleh faktor Undang-Undang, penegak hukum, sarana dan fasilitas, faktor masyarakat, dan faktor budaya hukum. Dibutuhkan perumusan suatu aturan yang menjamin kepastian hukum untuk mendongkrak efektivitas hukum, penyuluhan masyarakat, sistem pengawasan yang memadai, ketegasan dari para aparat penegak hukum, dan ketersediaan fasilitas dan sarana yang memadai.

Historicizing Humanitarianism in Colonial India

Drawing on pre-colonial and colonial sources, this chapter lays out the larger historical context of humanitarianism. By tracing how animals were perceived in Vedic ontology, 19th-century Bengali fiction, and through the creation of Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (CSPCA – a humane society founded in a colonial milieu), it particularly analyzes the making of a discourse surrounding animal cruelty/compassion. The overall objective of this chapter is to show how non-human animals came to be perceived in pre-colonial and colonial Bengal, and whether colonial intervention complicates the story of animal protectionism. It tries to answer the question: Did the British confidence in their inherent benevolence towards “native” subjects extend to the protection of their nonhuman subalterns as well?

The Politics of Care

This chapter builds up the first case study of the book by examining the trajectory of diseased animals. It investigates how rinderpest or the Calcutta Epizootic of 1864 came to be constructed as a visible threat to the empire. Additionally, by focusing on major crosscurrents concerning cattle health, it demonstrates how a renewed protectionist stance manifested itself in the form of colonial legislations along with a surge of anti-animal cruelty literature among Bengalis. What sets this chapter apart from other works on animal disease in colonial India is that it demonstrates how attempts to control animal disease eventually merged with humanitarian initiatives. While the sentiment of compassion towards nonhuman animals was not a novelty in India, its contact with the Raj lent a different hue to it. Compassion was no longer a commitment to the virtue of “ahimsa” (non-injury to a living being)- but implied a loyalty to bigyan or “science.” The best example of the mingling of ahimsa and bigyan is the foundation of the Belgachia Veterinary infirmary in 1901.

PREPARATION OF VEGAN MILK FROM CERALS (Vigna unguiculata) AND STANDARDISATION OF VEGAN CURD

The consumption of plant-based milk substitutes has spread rapidly around the world due to its numerous positive health effects on the human body. Individuals with cow's milk allergy, lactose intolerance, and hypocholesterolemia prefer these beverages. Consumers have tended toward a plant-based diet which includes cereal, legumes, seeds, nuts, fruits, and vegetables because of varied reasons such as an aversion to animal cruelty, a desire for a healthy lifestyle, and environmental awareness. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is often referred to as the poor man's meat as it is a significant source of protein, minerals, and vitamins for the rural poor who have limited access to protein from animal sources such as meat and fish.