Biodiesel Production from Refined Palm Oil using Supercritical Ethyl Acetate in A Microreactor

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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Leaching and reusing analysis of calcium–zinc mixed oxides as heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production from refined palm oil

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology ◽

10.1007/s13762-018-1710-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 643-654

Author(s):

J. F. Sierra-Cantor ◽

J. J. Parra-Santiago ◽

C. A. Guerrero-Fajardo

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Mixed Oxides ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Refined Palm Oil

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Optimization of Base-Catalyzed Transesterification in Biodiesel Production from Refined Palm Oil via Circulation Process through Static Mixer Reactor

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 931-932 ◽

pp. 1038-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Suhdee Niseng ◽

Krit Somnuk ◽

Gumpon Prateepchaikul

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Response Surface ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Suitable Condition ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Response Models ◽

Surface Models ◽

Excel Solver ◽

Refined Palm Oil

In this work, response surface methodology (RSM), with 5-level and 2-factor central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the condition of base-catalyzed transesterification from refined palm oil. The two main parameters; methanol concentration and potassium hydroxide concentration, were varied to investigate the effect on the methyl ester purity. The result indicated that the KOH concentration was the most significant to produce methyl ester (the lowest p-values occurs in all response models). From excel solver, full quadratic model was obtained for predicting the response surface models. The suitable condition: 23.81 vol.% methanol and 11.80 wt.% KOH under temperature of 60°C and reaction time of 60 min, is the optimum condition.

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Optimisation of biodiesel production from refined palm oil with heterogeneous CaO catalyst using pulse ultrasonic waves under a vacuum condition

Energy Conversion and Management ◽

10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.050 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kittichai Jookjantra ◽

Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Ultrasonic Waves ◽

Vacuum Condition ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Refined Palm Oil

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Integrated Cleaner Biocatalytic Process for Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Comparing to Refined Palm Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11060734 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 734

Author(s):

Papasanee Muanruksa ◽

Phavit Wongsirichot ◽

James Winterburn ◽

Pakawadee Kaewkannetra

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

High Purity ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Process Efficiency ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Hexane Extraction ◽

High Yields ◽

Refined Palm Oil ◽

Biocatalytic Process

An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time consuming, and a simple downstream process. A first saponification step was carried out in both f CPO and RPO, a high purity of glycerol (86.25% and 87.5%) was achieved, respectively, while free fatty acids (FFASs) in soap were obtained after hexane extraction. High yields of FFASs were obtained from both CPO and RPO (98.83% and 90.94%). Subsequently, the FFAs were esterified to biodiesel by a biocatalyst of immobilized lipase. The highest biodiesel yields achieved were of 92.14% and 92.58% (CPO and RPO). Remarkably, biodiesel yields obtained from CPO and RPO achieved satisfactory values and the biocatalyst used could be reused for more than 16–17 cycles.

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Optimization of Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production from Refined Palm Oil using Calcined Quick Lime Catalyst

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2016.19398 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 423-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Suwanthai ◽

V. Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quick Lime ◽

Refined Palm Oil

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Continuous Methyl Ester Production Process from Refined Palm Oil Using 3D-Printed Static Mixers

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.134 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 998 ◽

pp. 134-139

Author(s):

Kritsakon Pongraktham ◽

Krit Somnuk

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Pressure Drop ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Plug Flow ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Continuous Reactor ◽

Potassium Methoxide ◽

Static Mixers ◽

3D Printed ◽

Refined Palm Oil

The objective of this research was to study the methyl ester purity and pressure drop when the reactants flowed through the 3D-printed continuous static mixer reactor. The various types of 3D-printed mixing elements: KSM, LSM, SMX-3, SMX-4, SMX-5, SMV-3, SMV-4, and SMV-5 were inserted into the tube to blend the refined palm oil (RPO) and potassium methoxide (CH3KO) during the transesterification process. Therefore, the comparison of various types and plug flow (PF) reactors in continuous methyl ester production was carried out to assessed the purity of methyl ester with the condition was 23.81 vol.% methanol and 11.8 wt.% KOH at 50°C temperature. The results showed that the pressure drop had increased when a flow rate of water was increased. The pressure drop in the continuous reactor increased to 29.9% of SMV-5, 19.9% of SMV-4, 12.0% of SMV-3, 7.0% of SMX-5, 7.0% of SMX-4, 7.0% of SMX-3, 3.6% of LSM and 0.9% of KSM when compared with the empty tube cases. According to biodiesel production, the purity of methyl ester decreased by 93.63% of SMV-5, 92.49% of SMV-4, 91.63% of SMV-3, 51.68% of SMX-5, 47.47% of LSM, 46.17% of SMX-4, 45.31% of SMX-3, 42.36% of KSM, and 12.28% of PF, respectively, when compared to the highest purities achieved with PF reactor. Thus, a 662% improvement in ester purity was obtained by using the SMV-5 reactor instead of the PF reactor within 360 mm.

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