Development of methods of identification and quantitative determination of active substances in semi-solid dosage forms with sapropel extracts

For use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of the wound process and the prevention of mastitis, the composition and technology of an emulsion-based cream, conventionally called “Saprocream”, has been developed. Clinical trial of the drug “Saprocream” proved its effectiveness and safety for use in the healing of microtraumas, erosions and cracks (wounds) of the udders of cows. The aim of the research were was the standardization of the cream under the conventional name “Saprocream” for use in veterinary medicine as a wound healing agent, the development of methods of identification and quantification and their validation. Materials and methods. Test samples of emulsion cream type o / v, containing 15 % aqueous extract of sapropel (VES), 10 % oil extract of sapropel (OES), 6 % emulsifier No. 1, 1 % cetylstearyl alcohol, preservatives – 0.01 % nisin, 0.1 % euxil K 100 and purified water up to 100 g were made by phase inversion. The methods of pharmacopoeial articles of the European Pharmacopoeia of the 10th edition, SPhU 1.0, as well as industry standards were used to develop methods for identification and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the developed cream and its standardization. Results. The chromatographic profile of the acetone extract from the cream coincides with the chromatographic profile of the reference solution ((PRS) β-carotene), which indicates the presence of substances of carotenoid structure. The absorption spectrum of hexane extraction from the cream in the range from 500 nm to 750 nm has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 670±2 nm, which coincides with the maximum absorption of hexane solution OES, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. A method for quantifying the total mass fraction of humic acids (HA) has been developed and it has been established that the total mass fraction of HA in cream samples with sapropel extracts is 0.828 %. The results of the validation of the method show that there is a linear relationship between the concentration of the total mass fraction of HA and the mass of the AES sample with a correlation coefficient of 0.9981 (³ 0.9981). The developed technique is precise, because the value of the relative confidence interval is less than the critical value for the convergence of the results: D %=1.34≤1.60 and the criterion of insignificance of systematic error d=0.51 is fulfilled. Conclusions. An emulsion-based cream under the conventional name “Saprocream” has been standardized, methods for identification and quantification of active substances have been developed and validation of the developed methods for use in veterinary medicine as a wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent has been carried out.

Effect of analytical extraction methods and storage time on the quality of Moringa seed oil

The effect of extraction methods and storage time on the quality of moringa seed oil was investigated. Cold water, hot water, and n-hexane extraction methods were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the oils were determined using standard methods. The n-hexane had the highest yield of 56%, hot water 40%, and cold water 30%. The chemical properties ranged as follows: peroxide value: (12.98–22.50, 10.36–33.12 and 9.12–23.93 Meq/kg), saponification value: (189.01–160.23, 222.17–122.72 and 184.17–110.82 mgKOH/g), iodine value: (65.17–14.37, 60.49–16.25 and 59.46–16.84 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (14.58–74.14, 12.99–78.07 and 17.96–46.19 mgKOH/g), respectively for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Moringa olelifera seed oils are good sources of alternative oil for both commercial and industrial applications.

Effect of Solvents and Extraction Conditions on the Properties of Crude Rice Bran Oil

This research aimed to study the effect of solvents, namely n-hexane and ethanol, on the yield of crude rice bran oil extraction. The effects of extraction temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 ºC and extraction times of 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h were investigated. Rice bran composition was determined. It was found that protein, lipid, moisture, fiber, ash, and carbohydrate content were 12.65±0.56, 16.32±0.81, 7.65±0.62, 10.25±0.64, 6.38±0.59, and 46.75 %, respectively. From the results, the rice bran oil yield from n-hexane extraction was significantly higher than ethanol extraction, with p < 0.05. The maximum rice bran oil obtained from n-hexane extraction was 16.23±0.34 %. The highest yield of rice bran oil was obtained from extraction temperature of 60 - 70 ºC for 12 - 24 h. After extraction by the optimum conditions at 60 ºC for 12 h, the rice bran oil was kept for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks for investigation of its quality changes. It can be concluded that the optimum conditions for rice bran oil extraction was with using n-hexane as a solvent for extraction at a temperature of 60 ºC for 12 h. Storing oil for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks resulted in the increase of free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide value, whereas iodine value and saponification value were relatively constant. HIGHLIGHTS n-Hexane and ethanol effect the yield of crude rice bran oil extraction The rice bran oil yield from n-hexane extraction was higher than ethanol extraction The optimum conditions for rice bran oil extraction were with using n-hexane as a solvent for extraction at a temperature of 60 ºC for 12 h Storing rice bran oil for 8 weeks resulted in the increase of free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide value, whereas iodine value and saponification value were relatively constant

Integrated Cleaner Biocatalytic Process for Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Comparing to Refined Palm Oil

An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time consuming, and a simple downstream process. A first saponification step was carried out in both f CPO and RPO, a high purity of glycerol (86.25% and 87.5%) was achieved, respectively, while free fatty acids (FFASs) in soap were obtained after hexane extraction. High yields of FFASs were obtained from both CPO and RPO (98.83% and 90.94%). Subsequently, the FFAs were esterified to biodiesel by a biocatalyst of immobilized lipase. The highest biodiesel yields achieved were of 92.14% and 92.58% (CPO and RPO). Remarkably, biodiesel yields obtained from CPO and RPO achieved satisfactory values and the biocatalyst used could be reused for more than 16–17 cycles.

Apparent Pyrolysis Kinetics and Index-Based Assessment of Pretreated Peach Seeds

To better understand pyrolysis for upscaling purposes, a kinetic characterization of the process is necessary for every feedstock. Laboratory experiments allow identification of apparent kinetic models. This paper aims at the apparent kinetic investigation of peach seeds’ slow pyrolysis. Peach seeds from Greek peach fruits pyrolyzed under inert atmospheric conditions at different temperatures (475–785 °C), heating rates (100–250 °C/min) and N2 flow rates (25–200 cc/min). Prior to pyrolysis, they submitted to hexane extraction for the recovery of 36.8% wt. of the contained oils. Determination of the specific rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) for each considered reaction was made by using the Coats–Redfern integral non-isothermal fitting model that requires an assumption of the reaction order (n). Results revealed that a 3rd order reaction model best fits the process, the increasing of the pyrolysis temperature leads to a decrease of the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A), while nitrogen flow rate and heating rate had an opposite impact. E and A values ranged from 23 to 56 kJ/mol and 1.82 × 106 to 1.13 × 106 min−1, respectively, at different pyrolysis conditions. Furthermore, estimation of combustion and pyrolysis indexes were made to assess the suitability of peach seeds as a fuel, using isothermal thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Results revealed that peach seeds are a suitable feedstock for pyrolysis, while prior submission of peach seeds to oils extraction, in a cascade biorefinery approach, can increase the energy and material recovery efficiency and potentially the environmental and economic benefit of the agri-food industrial sector.

Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin E Concentrate from Magnesium Salts of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Mg-PFAD)

Vitamin E concentrate was produced through saponification of palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) and magnesium oxide to form Mg-PFAD, followed by three-stages vitamin E extraction with isopropanol, hexane, or ethanol. The vitamin E-rich extracts were evaporated to remove solvent and produced vitamin E concentrate. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of organic solvent’s types and solvent to Mg-PFAD mass ratios on vitamin E concentration, solvent selectivity, and antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate. Vitamin E concentrates obtained after isopropanol extraction had vitamin E concentration of 784 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 16 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD, while vitamin E concentrates obtained after hexane extraction had vitamin E concentration of 574 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 35 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD. Isopropanol extraction produced vitamin E concentrate with the highest selectivity for vitamin E and the highest antioxidant activity of 79% IC. It was found that vitamin E concentration was not proportional to the antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate.Keywords: Direct solvent extraction, palm fatty acid distillate, saponification, vitamin E, unsaponifiable matter

Ultrasonic Extraction of Nothaphoebe Coriacea Bark and Its Antioxidant Evaluation

Nothaphoebe coriacea (in Kalimantan, Indonesia, commonly known as gemor) is a native wetland-plants that can grow well in swampy areas. This tree is distributed throughout South and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The bark of Nothaphoebe coriacea is used for bioactive compound source for larvacide, mosquito repellent, hio and glue. The objective of this research was to investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the extraction of antioxidants compounds of Nothaphoebe coriacea. The barks were subjected to ultrasound‐assisted ethanolic and hexane extraction followed by fractionation (using ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane) and the antioxidant activity test was performed. The activity of antioxidant was carried out through a DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activities are shown in ethanol extract with IC50 value of 72.36 μg/mL and chloroform fraction of ethanol extract with IC50 value of 54.18 μg/mL.

Enhancing the extraction of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L) for increasing oil yield and its phytosterol content

Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo) were harvested in 2018 containing 41.23±1.23% oil; 33.18±1.61% protein; and 1575.97 ±67.79 mg phytosterol in 100g seeds (dried weight). Solvent (hexane) extraction (SE), Ultrasound assisted solvent (hexane) extraction (UAE), Enzyme Alcalase assisted extraction (EAE) and Enzyme Alcalase_Ultrasound assisted extraction (E_UAE) were studied. The oil’s yields and phytosterol in oil obtained were 90.07±0.17% and 1657.6±82.9 mg/100ml oil; 95.46±0.06% and 2017.5±100.1 mg/100ml oil; 89.65±0.11% and 1992.7±99.5 mg/100ml oil; 91.87± 0.03% and 2327.7 ±110.4 mg/100ml oil, respectively. The highest oil yield of 95.56% was obtained when UAE method was applied, while it was found that the highest phytosterol content of 881.7 mg/100g seeds can be obtained in the case of using E_UAE.