Leaching and reusing analysis of calcium–zinc mixed oxides as heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production from refined palm oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-654
Author(s):  
J. F. Sierra-Cantor ◽  
J. J. Parra-Santiago ◽  
C. A. Guerrero-Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

Optimization of Base-Catalyzed Transesterification in Biodiesel Production from Refined Palm Oil via Circulation Process through Static Mixer Reactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 1038-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhdee Niseng ◽  
Krit Somnuk ◽  
Gumpon Prateepchaikul
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Excel Solver ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this work, response surface methodology (RSM), with 5-level and 2-factor central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the condition of base-catalyzed transesterification from refined palm oil. The two main parameters; methanol concentration and potassium hydroxide concentration, were varied to investigate the effect on the methyl ester purity. The result indicated that the KOH concentration was the most significant to produce methyl ester (the lowest p-values occurs in all response models). From excel solver, full quadratic model was obtained for predicting the response surface models. The suitable condition: 23.81 vol.% methanol and 11.80 wt.% KOH under temperature of 60°C and reaction time of 60 min, is the optimum condition.

scholarly journals Integrated Cleaner Biocatalytic Process for Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Comparing to Refined Palm Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Papasanee Muanruksa ◽  
Phavit Wongsirichot ◽  
James Winterburn ◽  
Pakawadee Kaewkannetra
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Refined Palm Oil ◽  
Biocatalytic Process

An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time consuming, and a simple downstream process. A first saponification step was carried out in both f CPO and RPO, a high purity of glycerol (86.25% and 87.5%) was achieved, respectively, while free fatty acids (FFASs) in soap were obtained after hexane extraction. High yields of FFASs were obtained from both CPO and RPO (98.83% and 90.94%). Subsequently, the FFAs were esterified to biodiesel by a biocatalyst of immobilized lipase. The highest biodiesel yields achieved were of 92.14% and 92.58% (CPO and RPO). Remarkably, biodiesel yields obtained from CPO and RPO achieved satisfactory values and the biocatalyst used could be reused for more than 16–17 cycles.

scholarly journals Coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor for biodiesel production from palm oil and methanol

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saphira Nurina Fakhri ◽  
Sari Dafinah Ramadhani ◽  
Setijo Bismo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Dielectric Barrier ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Biodiesel is one of renewable energy alternatives, as a substitution of diesel engine fuel or diesel oil. Indonesian palm oil contains the fatty acids needed for the synthesis of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) as the basic ingredient of biodiesel. Conventional biodiesel synthesis methods, which generally use transesterification reactions with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, have significant constraints due to the formation of relatively large quantities of glycerol compounds as well as requiring complex separation processes and considerable energy. The DBD (Dielectric Barrier Dicharge) plasma reactor can be a solution to overcome the above shortcomings. The purpose of this research is to perform performance test from design result of DBD plasma reactor especially biodiesel making process. The analytical methods for FAME products use GC-FAME and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) for chemical conversion related between triglyceride reactants and biodiesel products. The best operating conditions obtained from the hydrodynamic test showed a mixed flowrate of triglyceride/alcohol of 0.1318 L/min, gas flowrate (plasma carrier) of 2.5 L/min and a voltage of 220 Volts alternating current. Biodiesel is produced using palm oil and methanol as a liquid reactant and using argon as a plasma carrier gas in the reactor. Plasma is produced in DBD reactor using 1-phase PLN power, with a voltage of 220 VAC. The main advantage of the conversion process in this plasma reactor is the production of FAME without the formation of significant glycerin byproducts and the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Refined Palm Oil using Supercritical Ethyl Acetate in A Microreactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanthana Sootchiewcharn ◽  
Lalita Attanatho ◽  
Prasert Reubroycharoen
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

scholarly journals Development of Heterogeneous Alkali Methoxide Catalyst from Fly Ash and Limestone

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
W. Widayat ◽  
◽  
Marcelinus Christwardana ◽  
S. Syaiful ◽  
Hantoro Satriadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Initial Value

This study is aimed to use fly ash and limestone as raw materials for preparing alkali methoxide heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized from fly ash and limestone through wet and dry methods and calcined within 1073–1273 K. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated the well-dispersed presence of the Ca(OCH3)2 crystal over the fly ash and limestone framework, which was mixed using wet method and calcined at 1073 K (W-800). Results showed that W-800 exhibited larger surface area and more uniform active sites than the other catalysts. About 88.6 % of biodiesel was produced from commercial palm oil with W-800 as the catalyst. The product possesses physicochemical characteristics, such as density, kinematic viscosity and free fatty acid content, which satisfy the international biodiesel standard. The catalyst was used for biodiesel production for four cycles, and the biodiesel yield was maintained up to 91.87 % from the initial value.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Heterogeneous Catalysts NaOH/CaO/C From Eggshells for Biodiesel Production Using Off-Grade Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Karfika Ainil Hawa ◽  
Zuchra Helwani ◽  
Amun Amri
Keyword(s):  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

A heterogeneous catalyst, such as Calcium Oxide (CaO), is widely used in biodiesel production due to its various advantages over homogeneous ones. The optimum condition for synthesizing this catalyst is determined by calcination temperature and mass ratio. As a result, a modification is required to increase its performance in improving the biodiesel yield. In this study, eggshell waste was modified by calcination, hydration, and dehydration methods integrated with activated carbon and NaOH. It is used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for off-grade palm oil transesterification reactions. The results shows the catalyst with the highest activity is obtained at calcination temperature of 800°c and mass ratio of 7 to 3. This is achieved with transesterification reaction conditions, which include a mole ratio of methanol/oil 6 to 1, catalyst concentration of 6%-b oil, and temperature 70°c for 3 hours, yielding 79.08% of the biodiesel. Additionally, CaO, Na2CO3, and Ca (OH) 2 materials were found in the catalyst with a catalyst alkalinity value of H greater than 9.3 through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Several methyl esters, such as palmitate and oleate were also found in biodiesel through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Continuous Methyl Ester Production Process from Refined Palm Oil Using 3D-Printed Static Mixers

2020 ◽  
Vol 998 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
Kritsakon Pongraktham ◽  
Krit Somnuk
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
Static Mixers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

The objective of this research was to study the methyl ester purity and pressure drop when the reactants flowed through the 3D-printed continuous static mixer reactor. The various types of 3D-printed mixing elements: KSM, LSM, SMX-3, SMX-4, SMX-5, SMV-3, SMV-4, and SMV-5 were inserted into the tube to blend the refined palm oil (RPO) and potassium methoxide (CH3KO) during the transesterification process. Therefore, the comparison of various types and plug flow (PF) reactors in continuous methyl ester production was carried out to assessed the purity of methyl ester with the condition was 23.81 vol.% methanol and 11.8 wt.% KOH at 50°C temperature. The results showed that the pressure drop had increased when a flow rate of water was increased. The pressure drop in the continuous reactor increased to 29.9% of SMV-5, 19.9% of SMV-4, 12.0% of SMV-3, 7.0% of SMX-5, 7.0% of SMX-4, 7.0% of SMX-3, 3.6% of LSM and 0.9% of KSM when compared with the empty tube cases. According to biodiesel production, the purity of methyl ester decreased by 93.63% of SMV-5, 92.49% of SMV-4, 91.63% of SMV-3, 51.68% of SMX-5, 47.47% of LSM, 46.17% of SMX-4, 45.31% of SMX-3, 42.36% of KSM, and 12.28% of PF, respectively, when compared to the highest purities achieved with PF reactor. Thus, a 662% improvement in ester purity was obtained by using the SMV-5 reactor instead of the PF reactor within 360 mm.

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