scholarly journals A Parametric Investigation Into the Effect of Low Induction Rotor (LIR) Wind Turbines on the Levelised Cost of Electricity for a 1 GW Offshore Wind Farm in a North Sea Wind Climate

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Quinn ◽  
G. Schepers ◽  
B. Bulder
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Parametric Investigation ◽  
Wind Climate ◽  
Sea Wind

Fatigue Life Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures in an Offshore Wind Farm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Nelson ◽  
Yann Quéméner
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Actuator Disk

This study evaluated, by time-domain simulations, the fatigue lives of several jacket support structures for 4 MW wind turbines distributed throughout an offshore wind farm off Taiwan’s west coast. An in-house RANS-based wind farm analysis tool, WiFa3D, has been developed to determine the effects of the wind turbine wake behaviour on the flow fields through wind farm clusters. To reduce computational cost, WiFa3D employs actuator disk models to simulate the body forces imposed on the flow field by the target wind turbines, where the actuator disk is defined by the swept region of the rotor in space, and a body force distribution representing the aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor is assigned within this virtual disk. Simulations were performed for a range of environmental conditions, which were then combined with preliminary site survey metocean data to produce a long-term statistical environment. The short-term environmental loads on the wind turbine rotors were calculated by an unsteady blade element momentum (BEM) model of the target 4 MW wind turbines. The fatigue assessment of the jacket support structure was then conducted by applying the Rainflow Counting scheme on the hot spot stresses variations, as read-out from Finite Element results, and by employing appropriate SN curves. The fatigue lives of several wind turbine support structures taken at various locations in the wind farm showed significant variations with the preliminary design condition that assumed a single wind turbine without wake disturbance from other units.

scholarly journals Correlations of power output fluctuations in an offshore wind farm using high-resolution SCADA data

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1014
Author(s):  
Janna Kristina Seifert ◽  
Martin Kraft ◽  
Martin Kühn ◽  
Laura J. Lukassen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Output Fluctuations ◽  
Power Difference ◽  
Time Correlations

Abstract. Space–time correlations of power output fluctuations of wind turbine pairs provide information on the flow conditions within a wind farm and the interactions of wind turbines. Such information can play an essential role in controlling wind turbines and short-term load or power forecasting. However, the challenges of analysing correlations of power output fluctuations in a wind farm are the highly varying flow conditions. Here, we present an approach to investigate space–time correlations of power output fluctuations of streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs based on high-resolution supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. The proposed approach overcomes the challenge of spatially variable and temporally variable flow conditions within the wind farm. We analyse the influences of the different statistics of the power output of wind turbines on the correlations of power output fluctuations based on 8 months of measurements from an offshore wind farm with 80 wind turbines. First, we assess the effect of the wind direction on the correlations of power output fluctuations of wind turbine pairs. We show that the correlations are highest for the streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs and decrease when the mean wind direction changes its angle to be more perpendicular to the pair. Further, we show that the correlations for streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs depend on the location of the wind turbines within the wind farm and on their inflow conditions (free stream or wake). Our primary result is that the standard deviations of the power output fluctuations and the normalised power difference of the wind turbines in a pair can characterise the correlations of power output fluctuations of streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs. Further, we show that clustering can be used to identify different correlation curves. For this, we employ the data-driven k-means clustering algorithm to cluster the standard deviations of the power output fluctuations of the wind turbines and the normalised power difference of the wind turbines in a pair. Thereby, wind turbine pairs with similar power output fluctuation correlations are clustered independently from their location. With this, we account for the highly variable flow conditions inside a wind farm, which unpredictably influence the correlations.

scholarly journals Adaptation of VSC-HVDC Connected DFIG Based Offshore Wind Farm to Grid Codes: A Comparative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Seyed Saed Heidary Yazdi ◽  
Jafar Milimonfared ◽  
Seyed Hamid Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Frequency Response ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Grid Codes ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Primary Frequency Response

Lack of synchronism between VSC-HVDC (Voltage Source Converter - High Voltage Direct Current) connected offshore wind farm and onshore grid leads to immunity of wind turbines to grid contingencies. Focusing on DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) based wind farms; this paper has presented a univalent control structure based on inertial and primary frequency response in which DC link voltage is utilized as synchronization interface. Based on the presented structure, four approaches based on the communication system, frequency, voltage and combined frequency and voltage modulation are utilized and compared to inform the onshore grid status to individual wind turbines. Considering Kondurs two area power system, results have revealed that all four approaches have similar ability (with negligible error) in offering inertial and primary frequency response to improve slow network oscillations. On the other hand, voltage and combined frequency and voltage modulation approaches have the ability to satisfy Fault Ride Through (FRT) requirements thanks to superior dynamics. However, communication and frequency modulation approaches lose that ability as communication and frequency measurement delays increase respectively. It has been concluded that combined frequency and voltage modulation, as the superior approach, has advantages like minimum FRT DC voltage profile increase and deviation from operating point after the fault, the minimum imposition of electrical and mechanical stress on DFIG and preservation of prevalent control structure thanks to appropriate dissociation between slow and fast dynamics.©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reservedArticle History: Received Dec 8th 2017; Received in revised form July 16th 2018; Accepted December 15th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Yazdi, S.S.H., Milimonfared, J. and Fathi, S.H. (2019). Adaptation of VSC-HVDC Connected DFIG Based Offshore Wind Farm to Grid Codes: A Comparative Analysis. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 8(1), 91-101.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.1.91-101

ALL-DC Offshore Wind Farm With Series-Connected Wind Turbines to Overcome Unequal Wind Speeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1370-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Rong ◽  
Gongping Wu ◽  
Xing Li ◽  
Shoudao Huang ◽  
Bin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Speeds

scholarly journals The ICP Design Method and Application to a North Sea Offshore Wind Farm

IFCEE 2015 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Jardine ◽  
Andrew S. Merritt ◽  
Felix. C. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm

scholarly journals Long-term effects of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea on fish communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 528 ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Stenberg ◽  
JG Støttrup ◽  
M van Deurs ◽  
CW Berg ◽  
GE Dinesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals Towards the North Sea wind power revolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens N. Sørensen ◽  
Gunner C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. The present work assesses the potential of a massive exploitation of offshore wind power in the North Sea by combining a meteorological model with a cost model that includes a bathymetric analysis of the water depth of the North Sea. The overall objective is to assess if the wind power in the North Sea can deliver the total consumption of electricity in Europe and to what prize as compared to conventional onshore wind energy. The meteorological model is based on the assumption that the exploited area is so large, that the wind field between the turbines is in equilibrium with the atmospheric boundary layer. This makes it possible to use momentum analysis to determine the mutual influence between the atmospheric boundary layer and the wind farm, with the wind farm represented by an average horizontal force component corresponding to the thrust. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements, such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as operation and maintenance as function of rotor size, interspatial distance between the turbines, and water depth. The numbers used in the cost model are based on previous experience from offshore wind farms, and is therefore somewhat conservative. The analysis shows that the lowest energy cost is obtained for a configuration of large wind turbines erected with an interspatial distance of about eight rotor diameters. A part of the analysis is devoted to assessing the relative costs of the various elements of the cost model in order to determine the components with the largest potential for reducing the cost price. As an overall finding, it is shown that the power demand of Europe, which is 0.4 TW or about 3500 TWh/year, can be fulfilled by exploiting an area of 190.000 km2, corresponding to about 1/3 of the North Sea, with 100.000 wind turbines of generator size 13 MW on water depths up to 45 m at a cost price of about 7.5 €cents/kWh.

Site-Specific Design Optimization of 1.5–2.0 MW Wind Turbines

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fuglsang ◽  
Kenneth Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Load Prediction ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Fatigue Loads

A method is presented for site-specific design of wind turbines where cost of energy is minimized. A numerical optimization algorithm was used together with an aeroelastic load prediction code and a cost model. The wind climate was modeled in detail including simulated turbulence. Response time series were calculated for relevant load cases, and lifetime equivalent fatigue loads were derived. For the fatigue loads, an intelligent sensitivity analysis was used to reduce computational costs. Extreme loads were derived from statistical response calculations of the Davenport type. A comparison of a 1.5 MW stall regulated wind turbine in normal onshore flat terrain and in an offshore wind farm showed a potential increase in energy production of 28% for the offshore wind farm, but also significant increases in most fatigue loads and in cost of energy. Overall design variables were optimized for both sites. Compared to an onshore optimization, the offshore optimization increased swept area and rated power whereas hub height was reduced. Cost of energy from manufacture and installation for the offshore site was reduced by 10.6% to 4.6¢. This reduction makes offshore wind power competitive compared with today’s onshore wind turbines. The presented study was made for one wind turbine concept only, and many of the involved sub models were based on simplified assumptions. Thus there is a need for further studies of these models.

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