AbstractBrain injury activates complex inflammatory signals in dying neurons, surviving neurons, and glia. Here, we establish that inflammation regulates the regeneration of photoreceptors in the zebrafish retina and determine the cellular expression and function of the inflammatory protease, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp-9), during this regenerative neurogenesis. Following sterile photoreceptor ablation anti-inflammatory treatment suppresses both the number of injury-induced progenitors and regenerated photoreceptors. Upon photoreceptor injury, mmp-9 is induced in Müller glia, the intrinsic retinal stem cell, and Müller glia-derived photoreceptor progenitors. Deleting mmp-9 results in over production of injury-induced progenitors and regenerated photoreceptors, but over time the absence of Mmp-9 compromises the maturation and survival of the regenerated cones. Anti-inflammatory treatment in mutants rescues the defects in cone maturation and survival. These data provide a link between injury-induced inflammation in the vertebrate CNS, Mmp-9 function during photoreceptor regeneration and the requirement of Mmp-9 for the survival of regenerated cones.Significance StatementThe innate immune system is activated by neuronal death, and recent studies demonstrate that in zebrafish neuroinflammation is required for neuronal regeneration. The roles of inflammatory cytokines are being investigated, however, the function of the inflammatory protease, matrix metalloprotease Mmp-9, in neuronal regeneration is unknown. We show herein that in adult zebrafish retinal inflammation governs the proliferative phase of the stem cell-based regeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors and determine the specific roles for Mmp-9 in photoreceptor regeneration. This study provides the first mechanistic insights into the potential role of Mmp-9 and serves to link neuroinflammation, stem cell-based regeneration of photoreceptors and human photoreceptor disease.
Differences between the neurogenic and proliferative abilities of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics and the ciliary epithelium from the adult human eye
