scholarly journals The role of corneal afferent neurons in regulating tears under normal and dry eye conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Meng ◽  
Masayuki Kurose
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Afferent Neurons

scholarly journals Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain?

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Ana Campos-Ríos ◽  
Lola Rueda-Ruzafa ◽  
Salvador Herrera-Pérez ◽  
Paula Rivas-Ramírez ◽  
José Antonio Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Visceral Hypersensitivity ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Sodium Channel Blocker ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Specific Receptors

Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, ≠≠which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.

scholarly journals Lack of HPV in pterygium with no evidence of autoinoculation and the role of cytokines in pterygium with dry eye

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lita Uthaithammarat ◽  
Ngamjit Kasetsuwan ◽  
Yuda Chongpison ◽  
Pimpetch Kasetsuwan ◽  
Usanee Reinprayoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

AbstractThis study evaluated human papillomavirus’s (HPV) role in pterygium pathogenesis, its autoinoculation from genitalia to ocular surface, potential cytokines involved, and crosstalk cytokines between pterygium and dry eye (DE). This cross-sectional study enrolled 25 healthy controls (HCs) and 116 pterygium patients. Four subgroups of pterygium and DE were used in cytokine evaluations. Conjunctival and pterygium swabs and first-void urine samples (i.e., genitalia samples) were collected for HPV DNA detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tear cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tears were evaluated. No HPV DNA was detected in conjunctival or pterygium swabs. No association was found between HPV DNA in urine samples and that from conjunctival or pterygium swabs. Tear VEGF levels were significantly higher in pterygium patients than in HCs, with no markedly different levels between primary and recurrent pterygia. Tear IL-6, IL-18, and tear VEGF were significantly higher in participants with DE, regardless of pterygium status. In conclusion, HPV infection was not a pathogenic factor of pterygia. The hypothesis of HPV transmitting from the genitals to ocular surfaces was nullified. Tear VEGF was involved in both pterygia and DE, whereas tear IL-6 and IL-18 played roles only in DE.

scholarly journals Anatomy and physiology of phrenic afferent neurons

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 2975-2990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayakrishnan Nair ◽  
Kristi A. Streeter ◽  
Sara M. F. Turner ◽  
Michael D. Sunshine ◽  
Donald C. Bolser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Synaptic Contacts ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology

Large-diameter myelinated phrenic afferents discharge in phase with diaphragm contraction, and smaller diameter fibers discharge across the respiratory cycle. In this article, we review the phrenic afferent literature and highlight areas in need of further study. We conclude that 1) activation of both myelinated and nonmyelinated phrenic sensory afferents can influence respiratory motor output on a breath-by-breath basis; 2) the relative impact of phrenic afferents substantially increases with diaphragm work and fatigue; 3) activation of phrenic afferents has a powerful impact on sympathetic motor outflow, and 4) phrenic afferents contribute to diaphragm somatosensation and the conscious perception of breathing. Much remains to be learned regarding the spinal and supraspinal distribution and synaptic contacts of myelinated and nonmyelinated phrenic afferents. Similarly, very little is known regarding the potential role of phrenic afferent neurons in triggering or modulating expression of respiratory neuroplasticity.

Reconsidering the central role of mucins in dry eye and ocular surface diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 68-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Baudouin ◽  
Maurizio Rolando ◽  
Jose M. Benitez Del Castillo ◽  
Elisabeth M. Messmer ◽  
Francisco C. Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Ocular Surface Diseases

Potential Role of Disrupted Lacrimal Acinar Cells in Dry Eye during Pregnancy

2002 ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel E. Schechter ◽  
Michael Pidgeon ◽  
Donald Chang ◽  
Yi-Ching Fong ◽  
Melvin D. Trousdale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Lacrimal Acinar Cells

scholarly journals The immunoregulatory role of corneal epithelium-derived thrombospondin-1 in dry eye disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhua Tan ◽  
Yihe Chen ◽  
William Foulsham ◽  
Afsaneh Amouzegar ◽  
Takenori Inomata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Thrombospondin 1

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease

Cornea ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S70-S74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Dogru ◽  
Tais Wakamatsu ◽  
Takashi Kojima ◽  
Yukihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Tetsuya Kawakita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease

Gastroprotective and vasodilatory effects of epidermal growth factor: the role of sensory afferent neurons

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (5) ◽  
pp. G897-G903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoji Matsumoto ◽  
Kohki Kanamoto ◽  
Keishi Kawakubo ◽  
Hitoshi Aomi ◽  
Takayuki Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Gastric Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to exert gastric hyperemic and gastroprotective effects via capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons, including the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We examined the protective and vasodilatory effects of EGF on the gastric mucosa and its interaction with sensory nerves, CGRP, and nitric oxide (NO) in anesthetized rats. Intragastric EGF (10 or 30 μg) significantly reduced gastric mucosal lesions induced by intragastric 60% ethanol (50.6% by 10 μg EGF and 70.0% by 30 μg EGF). The protective effect of EGF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with capsaicin desensitization, human CGRP1 antagonist hCGRP-(8–37), or N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Intravital microscopy showed that topically applied EGF (10–1,000 μg/ml) dilated the gastric mucosal arterioles dose dependently and that this vasodilatory effect was significantly inhibited by equivalent pretreatments. These findings suggest that EGF plays a protective role against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, possibly by dilating the gastric mucosal arterioles via capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons involving CGRP and NO mechanisms.

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