We have developed a rapid and simple method for filtration using a positively charged membrane to concentrate hepatitis A virus (HAV) from lettuce and an integrated cell culture–real-time reverse transcription PCR (ICC–real-time RT-PCR) to detect infectious HAV. The most suitable buffer for HAV concentration by filtration was 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM glycine (pH 9.5). Filtration using the NanoCeram matrix was compared with polyethylene glycol precipitation for viral concentration from lettuce inoculated with 6 log RNA copies of HAV. The recovery rate of filtration was statistically higher than that of polyethylene glycol precipitation (47.3 versus 24.9%, respectively). The sensitivity of ICC–real-time RT-PCR for detection of infectious HAV was determined by inoculation of FRhK-4 cells with HAV (4 log to 0 log RNA copies). ICC–real-time RT-PCR detected infectious HAV on average 5 days earlier than cytopathic effects at all inoculation levels. HAV recovered from lettuce (approximately 3 log RNA copies) was also analyzed with ICC–real-time RT-PCR. Infectious HAV was detected within 2 days postinfection by ICC–real-time RT-PCR, whereas cytopathic effects were not observed until 7 days postinfection. Coupled with a virus concentration and purification system using a positively charged membrane, ICC–real-time RT-PCR has the potential to become a novel and rapid method for the detection of infectious HAV in vegetables.
Virological course of hepatitis A virus as determined by real time RT-PCR: Correlation with biochemical, immunological and genotypic profiles
