Preliminary study on the application of near infrared spectroscopy and pattern recognition methods to classify different types of apple samples

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with pattern recognition technique has become an important type of non-destructive discriminant method. This review first introduces the basic structure of the qualitative analysis process based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Then, the main pretreatment methods of NIRS data processing are investigated. Principles and recent developments of traditional pattern recognition methods based on NIRS are introduced, including some shallow learning machines and clustering analysis methods. Moreover, the newly developed deep learning methods and their applications of food quality analysis are surveyed, including convolutional neural network (CNN), one-dimensional CNN, and two-dimensional CNN. Finally, several applications of these pattern recognition techniques based on NIRS are compared. The deficiencies of the existing pattern recognition methods and future research directions are also reviewed.

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Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Methods Applied to the Classification of Vinegar According to Raw Material and Elaboration Process

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.428 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 207-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

M.J. Sáiz-Abajo ◽

J.M. González-Sáiz ◽

C. Pizarro

Keyword(s):

Pattern Recognition ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pattern Recognition Methods ◽

Elaboration Process

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Comparison of Brain Activation Patterns during Olfactory Stimuli between Recovered COVID-19 Patients and Healthy Controls: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11080968 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 968

Author(s):

Roger C. Ho ◽

Vijay K. Sharma ◽

Benjamin Y. Q. Tan ◽

Alison Y. Y. Ng ◽

Yit-Shiang Lui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Time Interval ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Activation Patterns ◽

Identification Test ◽

Olfactory Stimuli ◽

Preliminary Study

Impaired sense of smell occurs in a fraction of patients with COVID-19 infection, but its effect on cerebral activity is unknown. Thus, this case report investigated the effect of COVID-19 infection on frontotemporal cortex activity during olfactory stimuli. In this preliminary study, patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection (n = 6) and healthy controls who never contracted COVID-19 (n = 6) were recruited. Relative changes in frontotemporal cortex oxy-hemoglobin during olfactory stimuli was acquired using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The area under curve (AUC) of oxy-hemoglobin for the time interval 5 s before and 15 s after olfactory stimuli was derived. In addition, olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks 12-identification test (SIT-12). Patients had lower SIT-12 scores than healthy controls (p = 0.026), but there were no differences in oxy-hemoglobin AUC between healthy controls and patients (p > 0.05). This suggests that past COVID-19 infection may not affect frontotemporal cortex function, and these preliminary results need to be verified in larger samples.

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