Tyrosol exerts a protective effect against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in in vitro model of Parkinson’s disease

Cytokinins are adenine-based phytohormones that regulate key processes in plants, such as cell division and differentiation, root and shoot growth, apical dominance, branching, and seed germination. In preliminary studies, they have also shown protective activities against human neurodegenerative diseases. To extend knowledge of the protection (protective activity) they offer, we investigated activities of natural cytokinins against salsolinol (SAL)-induced toxicity (a Parkinson’s disease model) and glutamate (Glu)-induced death of neuron-like dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. We found that kinetin-3-glucoside, cis-zeatin riboside, and N6-isopentenyladenosine were active in the SAL-induced PD model. In addition, trans-, cis-zeatin, and kinetin along with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin 1 (NEC-1) significantly reduced cell death rates in the Glu-induced model. Lactate dehydrogenase assays revealed that the cytokinins provided lower neuroprotective activity than DFO and NEC-1. Moreover, they reduced apoptotic caspase-3/7 activities less strongly than DFO. However, the cytokinins had very similar effects to DFO and NEC-1 on superoxide radical production. Overall, they showed protective activity in the SAL-induced model of parkinsonian neuronal cell death and Glu-induced model of oxidative damage mainly by reduction of oxidative stress.

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Auraptene and Other Prenyloxyphenylpropanoids Suppress Microglial Activation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Death in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Model of Parkinson’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms17101716 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 1716 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Satoshi Okuyama ◽

Tomoki Semba ◽

Nobuki Toyoda ◽

Francesco Epifano ◽

Salvatore Genovese ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cell Death ◽

Microglial Activation ◽

Neuronal Cell Death ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell

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Activation of AMPK and inactivation of Akt result in suppression of mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways leading to neuronal cell death in in vitro models of Parkinson's disease

Cellular Signalling ◽

10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.04.009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 1680-1689 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Yijiao Xu ◽

Chunxiao Liu ◽

Sujuan Chen ◽

Yangjing Ye ◽

Min Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cell Death ◽

Neuronal Cell Death ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

In Vitro Models

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PEP-1-GLRX1 Reduces Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Loss by Modulating MAPK and Apoptosis Signaling in Parkinson’s Disease

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113329 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3329

Author(s):

Yeon Joo Choi ◽

Dae Won Kim ◽

Min Jea Shin ◽

Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽

Eun Ji Yeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cell Death ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Neuronal Cell Death ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Cell Loss ◽

Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell ◽

Apoptosis Related Protein

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized mainly by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) mediated via oxidative stress. Although glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX1) is known as one of the antioxidants involved in cell survival, the effects of GLRX1 on PD are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether cell-permeable PEP-1-GLRX1 inhibits dopaminergic neuronal cell death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We showed that PEP-1-GLRX1 protects cell death and DNA damage in MPP+-exposed SH-SY5Y cells via the inhibition of MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB activation and the regulation of apoptosis-related protein expression. Furthermore, we found that PEP-1-GLRX1 was delivered to the SN via the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP-induced PD model. These results indicate that PEP-1-GLRX1 markedly inhibited the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPP+- and MPTP-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting that this fusion protein may represent a novel therapeutic agent against PD.

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