Supermarkets and agricultural labor demand in Kenya: A gendered perspective

A neverending stream : human trafficking in Medieval Europe

10.32469/10355/73848 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Christopher Paolella

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Twelfth Century ◽

Late Antiquity ◽

Western Europe ◽

Slave Trade ◽

Labor Demand ◽

Sex Industry ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Long Distance

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] This study focuses on human trafficking patterns from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Era. I argue that while slavery, as a means of compelling agricultural labor, disappeared across much of Western Europe by the middle of the twelfth century, the commercial sex industry grew. As slavery died out, the slave trade withered across Western Europe and gradually reoriented itself around the Mediterranean basin. Yet, human trafficking networks remained in Western Europe, if in attenuated form. They continued to supply a smaller, but no less persistent, labor demand that was now fueled by brothels and prostitution rings instead of agriculture. I argue further that the experiences of women link the sex trade and the slave trade, and that twelfth-century socio-economic development linked the earlier long-distance slave trade and the local and regional trafficking networks of the later Middle Ages.

Download Full-text

Tarım Sektöründe İşgücü Terminolojisinin Tanımlanması

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v8i3.773-783.3357 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 773

Author(s):

Zeki Bayramoğlu ◽

Merve Bozdemir

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Labor Markets ◽

Labor Force ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Labor Demand ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Market Structures ◽

Market Formation ◽

Total Labor

Labor is the efficient part of the population in production. Total labor supply that occurs subject to the developments in the population and labor demand that shapes according to the economic conditions; are two basic elements of market formation. Labor markets can be defined as a social organization where supply and demand are met and wage occurs. Labor market among all market structures are in such position that is significantly affected by other units of the economy and highly affects them due to its functioning and features. Therefore, during the production process and planning, it is necessary to analyze the labor markets in detail. The agricultural labor market within the labor markets which forms the basis of the economy and contributes to other markets from various sources, needs to be analyzed. The agricultural labor should be analyzed and classified because of the following reasons; the agricultural labor has direct contribution in the use of natural resources and capital elements in agricultural sector; the labor is used more intensively in the unit area in agricultural activities compared to other sectors; transfer of labor is realized from the agricultural sector to other sectors; agricultural labor composes the source of the hidden unemployment and structural unemployment. In addition, labor in agricultural sector should be classified in order to determine the types of labor force to be used in data formation for public institutions / organizations and to facilitate access to the correct decision processes in the projects and policies to be created by contributing to obtaining reliable statistical data. In line with those determined objectives, this study was carried out to determine the types of labor force in the agricultural sector, to combine the conceptual definitions made and to provide semantic integrity in the literature.

Download Full-text

Agricultural Labor Demand

The Farm Labor Problem ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-816409-9.00002-1 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 21-46

Author(s):

J. Edward Taylor ◽

Diane Charlton

Keyword(s):

Labor Demand ◽

Agricultural Labor

Download Full-text

Did the Great Irish Famine Matter?

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s002205070003833x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kevin O' Rourke

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Economic History ◽

Structural Break ◽

Labor Demand ◽

Commodity Markets ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Price Shocks ◽

International Commodity ◽

Irish Famine ◽

Great Irish Famine

This article tests the hypothesis that price shocks in international commodity markets would by themselves have led to a fall in agricultural labor demand in rural Ireland in the absence of the Famine. This hypothesis has been used by revisionist historians to argue that the Famine was not a structural break between two distinct eras in Irish economic history. In refuting the hypothesis, this article joins a more recent cliometric tradition that has sought to restore the Famine to its rightful place as a major watershed in nineteenth-century Ireland.

Download Full-text

Agriculture 4.0? Studying the evidence for automation in Chilean agriculture

10.7764/ijanr.v48i3.2339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 233-247

Author(s):

Rodrigo Perez-Silva ◽

◽

Jorge Campos ◽

Keyword(s):

Labor Demand ◽

Relative Number ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Critical Aspect ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Job Tasks ◽

Emergent Technologies ◽

Salaried Workers ◽

Routine Tasks ◽

Over Time

In recent decades, computing-based technologies have been large contributors to the current digital and knowledge economy. This process has led to changes in the structure of employment and variations in relative wages across workers in skill distribution, with computing-based technologies representing the technological shift shaping current and future labor demand. In this regard, how job tasks might be replaced or complemented by computing-based technologies becomes a new and critical aspect in explaining how technological progress drives labor demand. Agriculture, as well as other sectors, has taken advantage of this technical progress, with emergent technologies contributing to the shift toward Agriculture 4.0. In the case of Chile, the evidence points to an overall reduction in the agricultural labor force and to an increase in the relative number of salaried workers within agriculture, particularly those in temporary jobs. However, nothing has been said about the types of tasks being performed in the sector, its evolution over time, and its relationship with automation. If agriculture is under a technological upgrading process, then we should expect the reduction in the number of salaried workers to be accompanied by an increase in the relative skillset of those still in the industry performing non-routine tasks. Contrary to what one might expect, our results suggest that the participation of routine tasks in agriculture has only increased over time, pointing to a low adoption of computing-based technologies compared to other economic sectors within the Chilean economy.

Download Full-text

The effect of environmental good scarcity on own-farm labor allocation: the case of agricultural households in rural Nepal

Environment and Development Economics ◽

10.1017/s1355770x98000230 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 443-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

PRISCILLA A. COOKE

Keyword(s):

Labor Demand ◽

Farm Labor ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Environmental Goods ◽

Farm Work ◽

Agricultural Households ◽

Demand Equations ◽

Environmental Good ◽

Rural Nepal

As environmental goods such as fuelwood and fodder become more scarce, rural households in developing countries spend more time in their collection. It has been suggested that as a result households may reallocate labor away from own-farm agricultural production. This paper examines whether this is the case for a sample of agricultural households from rural Nepal. Cross-sectional estimates of agricultural labor demand equations give some indication that reallocation away from farm work may occur as environmental products become more scarce. However, these results disappear in random-effects estimation suggesting that time is instead reallocated from other activities or leisure. What little evidence there is for a labor reallocation from agriculture suggests that policies to relieve environmental good collection labor burdens should focus on leaf fodder and grass used as livestock feed rather than on fuelwood.

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE PROSPECTS OF INCREASING RURAL LABOR COSTS IN RUSSIAN REGIONS

Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii ◽

10.26897/0021-342x-2020-4-131-144 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 131-144

Author(s):

N.M. SVETLOV ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Labor Demand ◽

Agricultural Workers ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Rural Labor ◽

Demand Reduction ◽

Labor Resources ◽

Unused Capacity ◽

Positive Effect

The paper proposes the methodology for estimating the effect of climate change on the prospects of increasing agricultural workers’ wages and the stocks reserved for wages, providing this capacity is employed. The methodology relies on the scenario analysis, which is conducted using the economic model of partial equilibrium in the agricultural markets of Russia’s regions (federal subjects). The capability of increasing agricultural workers’ wages is measured by means of the shadow prices of regional agricultural labor resources. It has been found that in the majority of the federal subjects the wages in agriculture are economically reasonable and the same situation extends to the modelled warming scenario. However, 21 federal subjects are characterized by the unused capacity of wages increase in agriculture. The prevailing influence of climate warming on this capacity is negative for all but five regions (federal subjects), where the effect is opposite. The largest positive effect is possible in the Orel region and Zabaykalsky krai. The study entails two practical conclusions: it is recommended, first, to eliminate obstacles to the use of the existing capabilities for higher wages, including those that emerge due to the failures in risk management; second, to proactively respond to reduced demand in agricultural workers caused by warming via distributing the funds aimed at developing alternative labor and entrepreneurship opportunities according to the expected labor demand reduction in a particular region.

Download Full-text