Infrared spectra of North American automobile original finishes. XII: Analysis of perylene pigments—In situ identification of Perylene Bordeaux (C.I. Pigment Violet 29)*

The reactivity of a Lu2O3-promoted Rh/Al2O3 catalyst in the CO/H2 reaction is reported. Methane, heavier hydrocarbons, methanol, and ethanol are obtained. In situ DRIFTS has been employed to record the infrared spectra under the actual reaction conditions. The structure of the observed COads DRIFTS bands has been resolved into its components. The production of oxygenates (methanol and ethanol) has been correlated with the results of the deconvolution calculation. Specific sites for the production of methanol and ethanol in the CO/H2 reaction over a Rh,Lu2O3/Al2O3 catalyst are proposed.

Download Full-text

Automated Quality Control of In Situ Soil Moisture from the North American Soil Moisture Database Using NLDAS-2 Products

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-14-0275.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1267-1282 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Youlong Xia ◽

Trent W. Ford ◽

Yihua Wu ◽

Steven M. Quiring ◽

Michael B. Ek

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

North American ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Control Procedure ◽

Multiple Model ◽

Quality Control Procedure ◽

The North ◽

Automated Quality Control

AbstractThe North American Soil Moisture Database (NASMD) was initiated in 2011 to provide support for developing climate forecasting tools, calibrating land surface models, and validating satellite-derived soil moisture algorithms. The NASMD has collected data from over 30 soil moisture observation networks providing millions of in situ soil moisture observations in all 50 states, as well as Canada and Mexico. It is recognized that the quality of measured soil moisture in NASMD is highly variable because of the diversity of climatological conditions, land cover, soil texture, and topographies of the stations, and differences in measurement devices (e.g., sensors) and installation. It is also recognized that error, inaccuracy, and imprecision in the data can have significant impacts on practical operations and scientific studies. Therefore, developing an appropriate quality control procedure is essential to ensure that the data are of the best quality. In this study, an automated quality control approach is developed using the North American Land Data Assimilation System, phase 2 (NLDAS-2), Noah soil porosity, soil temperature, and fraction of liquid and total soil moisture to flag erroneous and/or spurious measurements. Overall results show that this approach is able to flag unreasonable values when the soil is partially frozen. A validation example using NLDAS-2 multiple model soil moisture products at the 20-cm soil layer showed that the quality control procedure had a significant positive impact in Alabama, North Carolina, and west Texas. It had a greater impact in colder regions, particularly during spring and autumn. Over 433 NASMD stations have been quality controlled using the methodology proposed in this study, and the algorithm will be implemented to control data quality from the other ~1200 NASMD stations in the near future.

Download Full-text

Paleomagnetism of the Lawrenceton Formation volcanic rocks, Silurian Botwood Group, Change Islands, Newfoundland

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e89-024 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 296-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Julie E. Gales ◽

Ben A. van der Pluijm ◽

Rob Van der Voo

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Volcanic Rocks ◽

Mobile Belt ◽

Structural Mapping ◽

Polar Wander ◽

The North ◽

Apparent Polar Wander Path ◽

Paleomagnetic Study ◽

North American Craton

Paleomagnetic sampling of the Lawrenceton Formation of the Silurian Botwood Group in northeastern Newfoundland was combined with detailed structural mapping of the area in order to determine the deformation history and make adequate structural corrections to the paleomagnetic data.Structural analysis indicates that the Lawrenceton Formation experienced at least two folding events: (i) a regional northeast–southwest-trending, Siluro-Devonian folding episode that produced a well-developed axial-plane cleavage; and (ii) an episode of local north-trending folding. Bedding – regional cleavage relationships indicate that the latter event is older than the regional folding.Thermal demagnetization of the Lawrenceton Formation yielded univectorial southerly and shallow directions (in situ). A fold test on an early mesoscale fold indicates that the magnetization of the Botwood postdates this folding event. However, our results, combined with an earlier paleomagnetic study of nearby Lawrenceton Formation rocks, demonstrate that the magnetization predates the regional folding. Therefore, we conclude that the magnetization occurred subsequent to the local folding but prior to the period of regional folding.While a tectonic origin for local folding cannot be entirely excluded, the subaerial nature of these volcanics, the isolated occurrence of these folds, and the absence of similar north-trending folds in other areas of eastern Notre Dame Bay suggest a syndepositional origin. Consequently, the magnetization may be nearly primary. Our study yields a characteristic direction of D = 175°, I = +43°, with a paleopole (16°N, 131 °E) that plots near the mid-Silurian track of the North American apparent polar wander path. This result is consistent with an early origin for the magnetization and supports the notion that the Central Mobile Belt of Newfoundland was adjacent to the North American craton, in its present-day position, since the Silurian.

Download Full-text

The first North American record of Carinodens belgicus (Squamata, Mosasauridae) and correlation with the youngest in situ examples from the Maastrichtian type area: palaeoecological implications

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw ◽

10.1017/s001677460000007x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 92 (2-3) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E.W.A. Mulder ◽

P. Formanoy ◽

W.B. Gallagher ◽

J.W.M. Jagt ◽

A.S. Schulp

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

North American ◽

Atlantic Coast ◽

First Record ◽

Type Area

AbstractFour recently collected tooth crowns of the rare latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) durophagous mosasaur Carinodens belgicus are discussed; the first record from the Atlantic coast of North America (Maryland), and three additional in situ examples from the Maastrichtian type area in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium. Also presented are an updated overview of the material recorded to date, and a discussion of the palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental distribution of the genus. Towards the end of the Cretaceous, Carinodens appears to have been successful in exploiting the margins of both the proto-Atlantic Ocean and the Tethyan Realm.

Download Full-text

Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH<sub>4</sub> – Part 2: global methane emission estimates and their evaluation for 2000–2012

10.5194/gmd-2016-182 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aki Tsuruta ◽

Tuula Aalto ◽

Leif Backman ◽

Janne Hakkarainen ◽

Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Transport Model ◽

Vertical Mixing ◽

Total Carbon ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

Convection Scheme ◽

Temperate Region ◽

Northern Latitude ◽

The North

Abstract. Gobal methane emissions were estimated for 2000–2012 using the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) data assimilation system. In CTE-CH4, the anthropogenic and biosphere emissions of CH4 are simultaneously constrained by global atmospheric in-situ methane mole fraction observations. We use three configurations developed in Tsuruta et al. (2016) to assess the sensitivity of the CH4 flux estimates to (a) the number of unknown flux scaling factors to be optimized which in turn depends on the choice of underlying land-ecosystem map, and (b) on the parametrization of vertical mixing in the 30 atmospheric transport model TM5. The posterior emission estimates were evaluated by comparing simulations to surface in-situ observation sites, to profile observations made by aircraft, to dry air total column-averaged mole fractions (XCH4) observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and to XCH4 retrievals from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Our estimated posterior mean global total emissions during 2000–2012 are 516 ± 51 Tg CH4 yr−1, and emission estimates during 2007–2012 are 18 Tg CH4 yr−1 greater than those from 2001–2006, mainly driven by an 35 increase in emissions from the south America temperate region, the Asia temperate region and Asia tropics. The sensitivity of the flux estimates to the underlying ecosystem map was large for the Asia temperate region and Australia, but not significant in the northern latitude regions, i.e. the north American boreal region, the north American temperate region and Europe. Instead, the posterior estimates for the northern latitude regions show larger sensitivity to the choice of convection scheme in TM5. The Gregory et al. (2000) mixing scheme with faster interhemispheric exchange leads to higher estimated CH4 emissions at northern latitudes, and lower emissions in southern latitudes, compared to the estimates using Tiedtke (1989) convection scheme. Our evaluation with non-assimilated observations showed that posterior mole fractions were better matched with the 5 observations when Gregory et al. (2000) convection scheme was used.

Download Full-text