Pb isotopic variability in the modern-Pleistocene Indus River system measured by ion microprobe in detrital K-feldspar grains

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (17) ◽  
pp. 4771-4795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Alizai ◽  
Peter D. Clift ◽  
Liviu Giosan ◽  
Sam VanLaningham ◽  
Richard Hinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
Indus River

From the Punjab to Pattala

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-264
Author(s):  
Waldemar Heckel
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
River System ◽  
Indus River ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
The Ganges ◽  
Direct Attack

The campaign in the Punjab saw Alexander, supported by his Indian ally Taxiles, attack Porus, who lived beyond the Hydaspes River. The battle, at the beginning of the monsoon season, involved a division of the Macedonian forces. One part faced Porus at the river crossing, where the current and the elephants in the Indian army made a direct attack virtually impossible. Alexander took a portion of his army and marched upstream. Once across the river, he drew Porus away from his defensive position and defeated the Indian ruler in a battle fought primarily by cavalry, although the Macedonian pikemen inflicted injuries on the elephants, which became a danger to their own troops. After the Hydaspes victory, Alexander advanced to the Hyphasis (Beas), where the army refused to cross in order to march to the Ganges. The whole episode was contrived, since Alexander clearly had no intention of going farther east. His failure to reach the eastern end of the world was thus attributed to the timidity and war-weariness of his soldiers. During the descent of the Indus river system, Alexander received a near-fatal wound at the hands of the Mallians. Once he recovered, Alexander conducted a series of bloody massacres as he sailed to the mouth of the Indus and accomplished his goal of sailing out into the ocean. Although the Indian campaign was by far the bloodiest of the expedition, there was little long-term gain from the conquest.

India, Pakistan and cooperation along the Indus River system

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda A. Zawahri
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
River System ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Member States ◽  
Over 40 Years

Despite receiving accolades for being the example of cooperation, India and Pakistan's peaceful management of their Indus River system remains largely unexamined. Scholars that do consider this case classify it as passive cooperation. To support their classification, they point to the Indus Waters Treaty's allocation of the river system between India and Pakistan and suggest that it severed the interdependent relationship and need to cooperate. Consequently, this paper seeks to demonstrate that India and Pakistan remain interdependent in managing their Indus River system and for over 40 years, they have sustained active cooperation. To account for the maintenance of this cooperation the paper argues that it is necessary to consider the design of the Permanent Indus Commission, an institution established to manage the Indus River. The ability of Indian and Pakistani commissioners to communicate directly and hold regular meetings permitted them to perform the necessary standard and operating procedures for the functioning of the institution. The commission's ability to monitor development of the river system has enabled it to ease member states’ fear of cheating and confirm the accuracy of all exchanged data. Finally, its conflict resolution mechanisms have permitted it to negotiate settlements to disputes as they arise.

scholarly journals Status of the Indus River dolphin Platanista minor

Oryx ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall R. Reeves ◽  
Abdul Aleem Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
River System ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
The Face

The endemic freshwater dolphins in the Indus River system of Pakistan, Platanista minor, have been considered endangered since the early 1970s. Measures taken to protect them from deliberate capture seem to have stopped a rapid decline, and combined counts in Sindh and Punjab provinces since the early 1980s suggest a total population of at least a few hundred animals. Severe problems remain, however. In addition to the risks inherent to any species with an effective population size in the low hundreds (at most), these dolphins are subject to long-term threats associated with living in an artificially controlled waterway used intensively by humans. Irrigation barrages partition the aggregate population into discrete subpopulations for much of the year. Dolphins that ‘escape’ during the flood season into irrigation canals or into reaches downstream of barrages where winter water levels are low have little chance of survival. A few dolphins probably die each year after being caught in fishing nets. Pollution by untreated urban sewage, agricultural runoff and industrial effluent threatens the health of the entire Indus system. The future of this dolphin species depends on Pakistan's commitment to protecting biological diversity in the face of escalating human demands on dwindling resources.

scholarly journals A Simple Monthly Runoff Model for Snow Dominated Catchments in Western Himalayas

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. N. Rao ◽  
K. S. Ramasastri ◽  
R. N. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
River System ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Precipitation Characteristics ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Monthly Runoff ◽  
Data Constraints ◽  
Runoff Model

The rivers originating from middle and greater Himalayas have a significant part of their catchments under permanent snow cover and glaciers. Modeling runoff becomes difficult with almost no data from these parts. Even in the seasonal snow covered zones, the network is generally inadequate. However precipitation characteristics show repetitiveness and snowline movement elevation wise by and large occurs the same pattern each year. The snowline movement is distinct on a monthly basis and the location of permanent snowline is also more or less constant at about 4,500 m. A simple monthly snowmelt runoff model with relatively few parameters is proposed to take advantage of above mentioned characteristics, using the degree day method. The model uses monthly rain, snow (snow water equivalent), mean air temperature and snowline elevation as primary inputs. Model conceptualisation has been made in view of the data constraints. All parameters are estimated through few trial simulations, except the storage coefficient, which is optimised using Rosenbrock technique. The model was applied on two sub-catchments of Chenab basin (of Indus river system) to evaluate the model capability. The results are encouraging. There is further scope for model improvement, generalisation and for application to other catchments in the Western Himalayas.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haines
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
South Asia ◽  
River System ◽  
Indus River

This chapter outlines the argument, themes, and structure of the book. It introduces the Indus river system waters dispute, the context of decolonization in South Asia, the role of water in international relations scholarship, and the conceptual frames of territoriality and sovereignty. It also sets out the sources used.

Nd and Pb isotope variability in the Indus River System: implications for sediment provenance and crustal heterogeneity in the Western Himalaya

2002 ◽  
Vol 200 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Clift ◽  
Jae Il Lee ◽  
Peter Hildebrand ◽  
Nobumichi Shimizu ◽  
Graham D. Layne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Sediment Provenance ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Pb Isotope ◽  
Crustal Heterogeneity

scholarly journals Early 21st century climatology of snow cover for the western river basins of the Indus River System

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 13145-13190 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hasson ◽  
V. Lucarini ◽  
M. R. Khan ◽  
M. Petitta ◽  
T. Bolch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
River System ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Upper Indus Basin ◽  
Area Of Interest

Abstract. In this paper we assess the snow cover and its dynamics for the western river basins of the Indus River System (IRS) and their sub-basins located in Afghanistan, China, India and Pakistan for the period 2001–2012. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) daily snow products from Terra (MOD) and Aqua (MYD) have been first improved and then analysed on seasonal and annual basis against different topographic parameters (aspect, elevation and slope). Our applied cloud filtering technique has reduced the cloud cover from 37% (MOD) and 43% (MYD) to 7%, thus improving snow cover estimates from 7% (MOD) and 5% (MYD) to 14% for the area of interest (AOI) during the validation period (2004). Our results show a decreasing tendency for the annual average snow cover for the westerlies-influenced basins (Upper Indus Basin, Astore, Hunza, Shigar, Shyok) and an increasing tendency for the monsoon-influenced basins (Jhelum, Kabul, Swat and Gilgit). Regarding the seasonal snow cover, decrease during winter and autumn and increase during spring and summer has been found, which is consistent with the observed cooling and warming trends during the respective seasons. Sub-basins at relatively higher latitude/altitude show higher variability than basins at lower latitude/mid-altitude. Northeastern and northwestern aspects feature larger snow cover. The mean regional snow line altitude (SLA) zones range between 3000 and 5000 m a.s.l. for all basins. Our analysis provides an indication of a decrease in the regional SLA zone, thus indicating a change in the water resources of the studied basins, particularly for the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Such results are consistent with the observed hydro-climate data, recently collected local perceptions and glacier mass balances for the investigated period. Moreover, our analysis suggests some potential for the seasonal stream flow forecast as a significant negative correlation has been detected for the inter-annual variability of winter snow cover and value of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index of the previous autumn.

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