Effect of surface rills on soil redistribution by tillage erosion on a steep hillslope

Geomorphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 380 ◽  
pp. 107637
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Zehong Zhang ◽  
Jianhui Zhang ◽  
Xinlan Liang ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Tillage Erosion ◽  
Effect Of Surface

scholarly journals Tillage erosion: a review of controlling factors and implications for soil quality

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Oost ◽  
G. Govers ◽  
S. De Alba ◽  
T. A. Quine
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Tillage Depth ◽  
Tillage Erosion

Tillage erosion has been identifed as an important global soil degradation process that has to be accounted for when assessing the erosional impacts on soil productivity, environmental quality or landscape evolution. In this paper, we present a summary of available data describing tillage erosion. This provides insights in the controlling factors determining soil redistribution rates and patterns by tillage for various implements used in both mechanized and non-mechanized agriculture. Variations in tillage depth and tillage direction cause the largest variations in soil redistribution rates, although other factors, such as tillage speed and implement characteristics, also play an important role. In general, decreasing tillage depth and ploughing along the contour lines substantially reduce tillage erosion rates and can be considered as effective soil conservation strategies. Implement erosivities reported in literature, characterized by the tillage transport coeffcient, are very consistent and range in the order of 400–800 kg m-1yr-1 and 70–260 kg m-1yr-1 for mechanized and nonmechanized agriculture, respectively. Comparison of tillage erosion rates with water erosion rates using a global data set indicates that tillage erosion rates are at least in the same order of magnitude or higher than water erosion rates, in almost all cases. Finally, we discuss how tillage erosion increases the spatial variability of soil properties and affects soil nutrient cycling. Considering the widespread use of tillage practices, the high redistribution rates associated with the process and its direct effect on soil properties, it is clear that tillage erosion should be considered in soil landscape studies.

Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1834-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANHUI ZHANG ◽  
TIMOTHY A. QUINE ◽  
SHIJUN NI ◽  
FANGLONG GE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Tillage Erosion

scholarly journals Landscape-scale modeling of carbon cycling under the impact of soil redistribution: The role of tillage erosion

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Van Oost ◽  
Gerard Govers ◽  
Timothy A. Quine ◽  
Goswin Heckrath ◽  
Jorgen E. Olesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tillage Erosion

scholarly journals Understanding the role of water and tillage erosion from <sup>239+240</sup>Pu tracer measurements using inverse modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Wilken ◽  
Michael Ketterer ◽  
Sylvia Koszinski ◽  
Michael Sommer ◽  
Peter Fiener
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Ground Moraine ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Tillage Erosion

Abstract. Soil redistribution on arable land is a major threat for a sustainable use of soil resources. The soil redistribution process most studies focus on is water erosion, while wind and tillage erosion also induce pronounced redistribution of soil materials. Especially, tillage erosion is understudied, as it does not lead to visible off-site damages. The analysis of on-site/in-field soil redistribution is mostly based on tracer studies, whereas radionuclide tracers (e.g. 137Cs, 239+240Pu) from nuclear weapon tests are commonly used to derive the erosion history over the past 50–60 yr. Tracer studies allow to determine soil redistribution patterns, but integrate all kinds of soil redistribution processes and hence do not allow to unravel the contribution of different erosion processes. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of water and tillage erosion leading to soil patterns found in a small hummocky ground moraine catchment under intensive agricultural use. Therefore, 239+240Pu derived soil redistribution patterns were analysed using an inverse modelling approach accounting for water and tillage erosion processes. The results of this analysis clearly point out that tillage erosion is the dominant process of soil redistribution in the small catchment, which also affects the hydrological and sedimentological connectivity between arable land and the kettle hole. A topographic change up to 17 cm (53 yr)−1 in the eroded parts of the catchment is not able to explain the current soil profile truncation that exceeds the 239+240Pu derived topographic change substantially. Hence, tillage erosion is not limited to the time since the onset of intense mechanisation since the 1960s. In general, the study stresses the urgent need to consider tillage erosion as a very important soil degradation process that drives patterns of soil properties in our arable landscapes.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of water and tillage erosion from <sup>239+240</sup>Pu tracer measurements using inverse modelling

SOIL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-564
Author(s):  
Florian Wilken ◽  
Michael Ketterer ◽  
Sylvia Koszinski ◽  
Michael Sommer ◽  
Peter Fiener
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Ground Moraine ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Kettle Hole ◽  
Tillage Erosion

Abstract. Soil redistribution on arable land is a major threat for a sustainable use of soil resources. The majority of soil redistribution studies focus on water erosion, while wind and tillage erosion also induce pronounced redistribution of soil materials. Tillage erosion especially is understudied, as it does not lead to visible off-site damages. The analysis of on-site/in-field soil redistribution is mostly based on tracer studies, where radionuclide tracers (e.g. 137Cs, 239+240Pu) from nuclear weapon tests are commonly used to derive the erosion history over the past 50–60 years. Tracer studies allow us to determine soil redistribution patterns but integrate all types of soil redistribution processes and hence do not allow us to unravel the contribution of individual erosion processes. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of water and tillage erosion leading to soil patterns found in a small hummocky ground moraine kettle hole catchment under intensive agricultural use. Therefore, 239+240Pu-derived soil redistribution patterns were analysed using an inverse modelling approach accounting for water and tillage erosion processes. The results of this analysis clearly point out that tillage erosion is the dominant process of soil redistribution in the study catchment, which also affects the hydrological and sedimentological connectivity between arable land and the kettle hole. A topographic change up to 17 cm (53 yr)−1 in the eroded parts of the catchment is not able to explain the current soil profile truncation that exceeds the 239+240Pu-derived topographic change substantially. Hence, tillage erosion already started before the onset of intense mechanisation since the 1960s. In general, the study stresses the urgent need to consider tillage erosion as a major soil degradation process that can be the dominant soil redistribution process in sloped arable landscapes.

Soil erosion rates under intensive vegetable production on clay loam, strongly structured soils at Pukekohe, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Basher ◽  
C. W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
Structured Soils ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates ◽  
Tillage Erosion

Rates of soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion were determined in 3 fields under long-term continuous vegetable production on clay loam, strongly structured soils derived from volcanic ash at Pukekohe, South Auckland, New Zealand. Erosion and deposition rates were estimated using a mass balance model to convert variation in 137Cs areal activity within the fields to estimates of erosion and deposition. Caesium-137 areal activity in cropped fields ranged from 171 to 2144 Bq/m2, compared with a reference value under permanent pasture of 774 Bq/m2. There was a characteristic pattern of 137Cs distribution within each field, with differences between the fields related to variation in topography. Lowest values of 137Cs were found in the upper parts of each field and highest values towards the base of each field. In all 3 fields there was a net loss of 137Cs, ranging from 13 to 32%, with an average over the 3 fields of 18%. Net rates of soil loss from the fields were 30, 11, and 7 t/ha.year. However, within the fields there was a much wider range of both erosion (up to 92 t/ha.year) and deposition (up to 100 t/ha.year) rates. Most of the soil redistribution is caused by water erosion, with tillage erosion accounting for 10-20% of the soil redistribution. The soil redistribution rates were 2 orders of magnitude higher than sediment export measured at small catchment scale. Soil erosion rates are not reflected in variation in topsoil depth, because frequent tillage and incorporation of organic residues maintains a uniform topsoil depth, but soil deposition rates are closely related to topsoil depth.

scholarly journals What role does tillage erosion play regarding landscape evolution of an intensively used hummocky landscape?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Katharina Öttl ◽  
Peter Fiener ◽  
Florian Wilken ◽  
Michael Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Soil Redistribution ◽  
North East ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Tillage Erosion ◽  
Crop Biomass

&lt;p&gt;Hummocky landscapes under intensive arable use are substantially affected by erosion processes. Data from the Quillow catchment (size: 196 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; mean annual precipitation: 500 mm) in North-East Germany are used to estimate landscape-scale water and tillage erosion with the model SPEROS-C. Recent results show that tillage erosion causes substantial soil redistribution that can distinctively exceed water erosion. In consequence, truncated soil profiles can be found on hilltops and steep slopes, whereas colluvial material is accumulated in depressions and along downslope field boarders. The resulting spatial variability of soil types with different properties and conditions is known to influence crop growth and leads to a highly variable biomass pattern in hummocky landscapes under highly mechanised arable cultivation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The main goal of our study is to link tillage-induced erosion rates to landscape development at centennial time scales. By modelling the development of the hummocky moraine landscape of North-Eastern Germany, we explain the spatial distribution of the current soil erosion state. Furthermore, the soil erosion induced impact on crop biomass patterns and the redistribution of soil organic carbon since the beginning of human land use in this area is assessed. To address this goal, a new model component is implemented into SPEROS-C that iteratively rejuvenates topography backwards in time considering modelled erosion and deposition rates. Afterwards, modelling forward in time allows estimating carbon fluxes due to soil redistribution. Furthermore, the extent and location of truncated soils will be validated with historic aerial photographs at different time steps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The benefits of implementing landscape development into SPEROS-C are that (i) an annual update of topography generates a more realistic soil erosion pattern, (ii) the current crop biomass pattern may be explained by erosion history, and (iii) estimates about the future development of crop yield patterns considering ongoing tillage practices can be drawn from a validated soil erosion and landscape development model.&lt;/p&gt;

Nucleation and initial growth of Pd2Si crystals on Si(111)

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
Xianghong Tong ◽  
Oliver Pohland ◽  
J. Murray Gibson
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
Dark Field Imaging ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The nucleation and initial stage of Pd2Si crystals on Si(111) surface is studied in situ using an Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). A modified JEOL 200CX TEM is used for the study. The Si(111) sample is prepared by chemical thinning and is cleaned inside the UHV chamber with base pressure of 1x10−9 τ. A Pd film of 20 Å thick is deposited on to the Si(111) sample in situ using a built-in mini evaporator. This room temperature deposited Pd film is thermally annealed subsequently to form Pd2Si crystals. Surface sensitive dark field imaging is used for the study to reveal the effect of surface and interface steps.The initial growth of the Pd2Si has three stages: nucleation, growth of the nuclei and coalescence of the nuclei. Our experiments shows that the nucleation of the Pd2Si crystal occurs randomly and almost instantaneously on the terraces upon thermal annealing or electron irradiation.

EFFECT OF SURFACE CONDITIONS ON COERCIVITIES FOR Nd-Fe-B MAGNETS

1988 ◽  
Vol 49 (C8) ◽  
pp. C8-641-C8-642
Author(s):  
Y. Otani ◽  
H. Miyajima ◽  
S. Chikazumi ◽  
S. Hirosawa ◽  
M. Sagawa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Surface
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